The Oedipus complex is the concept of psychoanalytic theory. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept in the Interpretation of Dreams (1899). The positive Oedipus complex refers to the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite sex and hatred for same-sex parents. The negative Oedipus complex refers to the child's unconscious sexual desire for same-sex parent and hatred for the elderly of the opposite sex. Freud considers that the identification of children with same-sex parents is a successful resolution of complex and complex settlements that are unsuccessful can lead to neurosis, pedophilia, and homosexuality.
Freud termed the term "Electra complex", introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in 1913 in connection with the Oedipus complex manifested in young girls. Freud further proposed that the Oedipus complex, which originally referred to the sexual desire of a son for his mother, was a desire for both male and female parents, and that boys and girls experienced a different complex: boys in the form of castration anxiety, girls in the form of envy on the penis.
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Oedipus refers to the character of 5th century Greek mythology BC Oedipus, who unknowingly kills his father, Laius, and marries his mother, Jocasta. A mythical drama, Oedipus Rex , written by Sophocles, ca. 429 BC.
Modern production of Sophocles drama staged in Paris and Vienna in the 19th century and succeeded phenomenal in the 1880s and 1890s. The Austrian psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), was present. In his book The Interpretation of Dreams first published in 1899, he proposed that Oedipal's desire is a universal physiological, psychological phenomenon (phylogenetic) for humans, and the cause of many unconscious guilt. Freud believed that the sentiments of Oedipal had been passed down through the millions of years that humans needed to evolve from apes. He based this on his analysis of his feelings attending the drama, his anecdotal observations of neurotic or normal children, and in the fact that Oedipus Rex is effective on ancient and modern audiences. (He also claims that Hamlet's drama is rooted in the same land as Oedipus Rex, and that the distinction between the two plays reveals. "On Oedipus Rex The fantasy of the dream of the underlying child is brought into the open and realized as it would be in a dream.In Hamlet it remains suppressed, and - as in the case of neurosis - we only learn its existence from the consequences that hampers. ")
However, in the Interpretation of Dreams, Freud made it clear that the "primordial and fearful insistence" of his concern and the basis of the Oedipal complex inherent in the myths played by Sophocles is based on, not primarily in the drama itself, which refers to Freud as a "further modification of the legend" derived from "a false secondary revision of matter, which has sought to use it for theological purposes".
Freud described the character of Oedipus:
The six-stage chronology of the evolution of Sigmund Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex is:
- Stage 1. 1897-1909. After the death of his father in 1896, and after seeing the drama Oedipus Rex , by Sophocles, Freud began using the term "Oedipus". As Freud wrote in a 1897 letter, "I find myself in constant love for my mother, and my father's jealousy I now regard this as a universal event in early childhood.
- Stage 2. 1909-1914. Propose that Oedipus's wish is a "nuclear complex" of all neuroses; the first use of the "Oedipus complex" in 1910.
- Stage 3. 1914-1918. Assumes father and mother incest.
- Stage 4. 1919-1926. Complete the Oedipus complex; identification and bisexuality are conceptually proven in subsequent works.
- Stage 5. 1926-1931. Applying Oedipal theory to religion and custom.
- Stage 6. 1931-1938. Investigation of "Oedipus feminine attitude" and "Oedipus complex negative"; then "Electra complex".
Oedipus Complex
In classical psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex occurs during the phosphate stage of psychosexual development (ages 3-6 years), when also the formation of libido and ego; but may manifest itself at an earlier age.
In the phalus stage, a boy's decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex - his son's competition to have a mother. In the third stage of psychosexual development is the child's genitalia is a zone of sexual sensitivity; Thus, when children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents, they satisfy physical curiosity by undressing and exploring themselves, each other, and their genitals, thus learning the difference anatomy between "male" and "female" and gender differences between "boy" and "female".
psychosexual infantilism - Although the mother is the parent who primarily satisfies the child's desires, the child begins to establish discrete sexual identity - "boy", "girl" - which changes the dynamics of parents and child relationships; parents become the object of childlike libidinal energy. The boy directs the libido (sexual desire) to his mother and directs jealousy and emotional competition against his father - because he is the one who sleeps with his mother. In addition, to facilitate union with mother, id boys want to kill dad (as Oedipus does), but pragmatic ego, based on the principle of reality, knows that the father is the stronger of the two men who compete to have one woman. Nevertheless, the boy remains ambivalent about his father's place in the family, which is manifested as a fear of castration by a physically larger father; fear is an irrational unconscious manifestation of the childish id.
Psycho-logical Defense - In both genders, the defense mechanism provides temporary resolution of the conflict between the drive id and the ego drive. The first defense mechanisms are repression, memory blocking, emotional impulse, and the idea of ​​the conscious mind; but the action did not resolve the id-ego conflict. The second defense mechanism is identification, in which the boy or girl adjusts to include, to his ego (super), personality characteristics of same-sex parent. As a result, the boy reduces his castration angst, since his resemblance to father protects him from the anger of the father in their maternal rivalry. In the case of the girl, this facilitates identification with the mother, who understands that, as a woman, none of them has a penis, and thus is not an antagonist.
DÃÆ' Â © nouement - Unresolved son-father competition for the mother's psycho-sexual possession may result in the fixation of the phallic stage that leads the boy into an aggressive, over-ambitious, drain. Therefore, satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex is of the utmost importance in developing a childish male ego. This is because, by identifying with parents, boys internalize morality; thus, he chooses to obey the rules of society, rather than reflexively obeying in fear of punishment.
Oedipal case study
In the Phobia Analysis of the Five-Year Boy (1909), the case study of the little urchinophobic boy "Little Hans", Freud pointed out that the relationship between Hans-horse's fear and his father-comes from external factors, the birth of a sister, and internal factors, the child's id desire to replace the father as a mother's friend, and the guilt of enjoying a normal masturbation for a boy his age. Moreover, his acknowledgment of the desire to conceive with the mother is seen as evidence of the boy's sexual attraction to the opposite sex; he is a heterosexual man. However, Hans boy can not connect a feared horse with fear of his father. As a caring psychoanalyst, Freud notes that "Hans should be told many things that he can not tell himself" and that "he should be presented with thoughts, which so far, he shows no signs of ownership".
Feminine Oedipus Attitude
Initially, Freud equally applied the Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys and girls, but later modified the female aspects of the theory as "Oedipus feminine attitude" and "Oedipus negative complex"; however, it was his workmate, Carl Jung, who in 1913 filed an Electra complex to describe a girls' maiden competition for the father's psychosexual possession.
In the phallic stage, the Electra complex of a girl is a psychodynamic experience that determines in shaping sexual identity (ego). While a boy develops anxiety castration, a girl develops a penis envy that is rooted in anatomical facts: without penis, he can not have sexually mothers, as infantile demands. As a result, the girl diverts her desire to have intercourse with the father, thereby evolving into a heterosexual femininity, culminating in the birth of a child, who replaces a non-existent penis. Furthermore, after the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her sensitive zone from the infantile clitoris to the adult vagina.
Thus Freud considers the negative Oedipus complex of a girl to be more emotional than a boy, which produces, potentially, to a woman who is obedient and insecure; thus perhaps complex Electra complex, a mother-daughter competition for father's fatherly possession, leads to a fascist stage fixation conducive to a girl being a woman who continually seeks to dominate men (ie penis envy), either as a very seductive woman (self-esteem high) or as a disobedient woman (low self esteem). Therefore, satisfactory parental handling and Electra's complex resolution are of the utmost importance in developing a childlike female ego, because, by identifying with parents, the girl internalizes morality; thus, he chooses to obey the rules of society, rather than reflexively obeying in fear of punishment.
Relating to narcissism
With regard to narcissism, the Oedipus complex is seen as the culmination of the maturity of individuals who struggle for success or for love. In the Economic Problem of Masochism (1924), Freud wrote that in "Oedipus complex... [parents] personal importance to the superego subsided into the background 'and' the imagination they left behind... link [to ] the influence of teachers and authority... ". Educators and mentors are placed within the ideal of the individual ego and they seek to take their knowledge, skills, or insights.
In Some Reflections on Schoolboy Psychology (1914), Freud wrote:
The Oedipus complex, in narcissistic terms, states that an individual may lose the ability to take a parent substitute into his ego ideal without ambivalence. Once the individual has an ambivalent relationship with a parental substitute, he will enter the castration complex of triangulation. In complex castration individuals become competing with parent-substitutes and this will be the point of regression. In Psycho-analytic notes on autobiographical accounts of the paranoia case (Dementia paranoides) (1911), Freud writes that "the disappointment of women" (drive objects) or "accidents in social relationships with other men" (ego drive) is the cause of regression or the formation of symptoms. Triangulation can occur with romantic rivals, for a woman, or with a work competitor, for a reputation of being stronger.
Maps Oedipus complex
Freudian theory revision
When Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) proposed that the Oedipus complex be psychologically universal, it provoked the evolution of Freudian psychology and the method of psychoanalytic treatment, by collaborators and competitors.
Carl Gustav Jung
In opposing Freud's proposal that the psychosexual development of boys and girls is the same, that each initially experienced a sexual desire (libido) for the mother, and aggression against the father, student-collaborator Carl Jung contra-proposed that girls experience a desire for father and aggression against the mother through the Electra complex - derived from the Greek mythological character of the 5th century BC Electra, who planned revenge matricidal with Orestes, his brother, against Clytemnestra, their mother, and Aegisthus, their stepfather, for their murder of Agamemnon, his father, cf. Electra , by Sophocles). Moreover, since it is genuine Freudian psychology, orthodox psychology Jung uses the term "Oedipus complex" just to show the psychosexual development of a boy.
Otto rating
In classical Freudian psychology, the super-ego, the "heir of the Oedipus complex", formed when the baby boy internalized the rules of his father's family. By contrast, in the early 1920s, using the term "pre-Oedipal", Otto Rank proposed that the strong mother of a boy was the source of the super-ego, in the course of normal psychosexual development. The theoretical conflict of Rank with Freud took him out of the Freudian deep circle; Nonetheless, he later developed the theory of psychodynamic object relations in 1925.
Melanie Klein
While Freud proposes that the father (paternal linga) is the center of childhood and adult psychosexual development, Melanie Klein concentrates on early mother relations, suggesting that Oedipal manifestation is evident in the first year of life, the oral stage. His proposal was part of a "controversial discussion" (1942-44) at the British Psychoanalytical Association. Psychologist Kleini proposes that "underlying the Oedipus complex, as Freud described... there was a previous layer of more primitive relationships with the Oedipal pair". He commissioned "a dangerous destructive tendency not only to the father but also to the mother in his discussion of the child's projective fantasies". In addition, Klein's work reduces the central role of the Oedipus complex, with the concept of a depressive position.
Wilfred Bion
"For post-Kleinian Bion, the myth of Oedipus involves a curiosity of inquiry - the search for knowledge - not sexual difference, the other main character in the Oedipal drama being Tiresias (a false hypothesis established against anxiety about the new theory)". As a result, "Bion considers Oedipus's central crime as his insistence on knowing the truth by all means".
Jacques Lacan
From a postmodern perspective, Jacques Lacan opposes the removal of the Oedipus complex from the center of psychosexual development experience. He regards the "Oedipus complex - as long as we continue to recognize it as encompassing the whole field of our experience with its marking... that superimposes the cultural empire" on the person, marking its introduction to the symbolic order.
So "a child learns what force is independent of himself is when he passes through the Oedipus complex... faces the existence of a symbolic system independent of itself". In addition, Lacan's proposal that "ternary relations of the Oedipus complex" liberating the "double relationship prisoner" of mother-child relations proved beneficial to later psychoanalysts; therefore, for Bollas, the "accomplishment" of the Oedipus complex is that "the child begins to understand something about the peculiarities of having his own mind... discovering many points of view." Likewise, for Ronald Britton, "if the relationship between the beloved parent in love and hate can be tolerated in the child's mind... it gives us the capacity to see us in interaction with others, and... to reflect on ourselves. , while ourselves ". Thus, in The Restoring Dove (2000), Michael Parsons proposes that such a perspective permits seeing the Oedipus complex as a lifelong developmental challenge... [with] a new kind of Oedipal configuration which belongs to the next life ".
In 1920, Sigmund Freud wrote that "with the advancement of psychoanalytic studies the importance of the Oedipus complex has become, more and more, clearly evident, its confession has become shibboleth that distinguishes the psychoanalytic from its opponents"; thus remained the basis of psychoanalytic theory until about 1930, when psychoanalysts began investigating pre-Oedipal mother-child relationships in the psychosexual development theory. Janet Malcolm reported that by the end of the 20th century, the psychology of the object relation "avant-garde, the Oedipal period event was pale and unimportant, compared to the psychodrama of a trap hanging on a cliff... To Kohut, as for Winnicott and Balint, the Oedipus complex is irrelevant in the treatment of severe pathology ". Nevertheless, ego psychology continues to maintain that the "Oedipal period - roughly three and a half to six years - as Lorenz stands in front of the girl, it is the most important, significant, human life molding experience.... If you take an adult life - his love, his work, his hobbies, his ambitions - they all point back to the Oedipus complex ".
Criticism
According to Armand Chatard, Freudian representations of the Oedipus complex are few or none supported by empirical data (he relies on Kagan, 1964, Bussey and Bandura, 1999).
Postmodern Criticism
In the last few years more and more countries are supporting same-sex marriages, with an estimated number of increases. as of December 2017 countries that have legalized 29-year-old gay marriages, including the majority of European and American countries. The advancement of science and technology has enabled gay couples to start families through adoption, or surrogacy. Consequently the pillars of the family structure diversify to include families where the parent (s) are single or of the same gender along with the traditional married heterosexual parents. This new family structure raises new questions for psychoanalytic theory such as the Oedipus Complex which requires the presence of mom and dad in the successful development of a child. But as evidence suggests, children who have been raised by parents of the same sex show no difference when compared to children who are raised in traditional family structures. The classical theory of oedipal drama has failed in today's society, according to a study by Drescher, who has been criticized for its "negative implications" of parents of the same gender. Psychoanalytic theory needs to be changed to keep up with the times and remain relevant. Many psychoanalytic thinkers such as Chodorow, and Corbett are working to transform the Oedipus complex to eliminate the "automatic association between gender, gender, and stereotypical psychological function derived from this category" and make it applicable to today's modern society.
From Freudian conceptions, his psychoanalysis and his theories always rely on traditional gender roles to pull himself out. In the 1950s, psychologists differentiated different roles in parenting for mothers and fathers. The role of primary caregiver is assigned to the mother. Mother's love is considered unconditional. While the father was assigned the role of a secondary caregiver, father's love was conditional, responsive to the child's apparent accomplishment. But recent research has shown that the role concepts and attributes of gender parenting of men and women are the result of sustainable culture and practice in psychoanalysis with no biological basis to support it. The challenge with modern family structures is that the Oedipus Complex is compromised, it requires the existence of a sense of masculinity and femininity. When no father is present, there is no reason for boys to experience castration anxiety and thus complete the complex. Psychoanalysis presents a relationship beyond heterormormality (ie homosexuality) as a negative implication, a kind of aberration or a talisman rather than a natural occurrence. For some psychologists, this emphasis on gender norms can be a nuisance in treating homosexual patients. According to Didier Eribon, the book Anti-Oedipus (1972) by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari is "a critique of the psychoanalytic normativity and Oedipus..." and "... the oedipinian setting is very alarming... ". Eribon considers the Oedipus complex of Freudian or Lacanian psychoanalysis to be "an unreasonable ideological construct" which is "the inferiorization process of homosexuality". According to psychologist Geva Shenkman, "To test the application of concepts such as the Oedipus complex and primal scenes to same-sex male families, we must first eliminate the automatic association between sex, sex, and stereotypical psychological functions under this category."
Post Modern psychoanalytic theory is not intended to exclude or discredit the foundation of psychoanalysis, but rather aimed at rebuilding psychoanalysis for modern times. In the case of a newer family structure that rejects the traditional Oedipus complex, it may mean modifying or disposing of it completely. Shenkman points out that the loose interpretation of the Oedipus complex in which the child seeks sexual satisfaction from parents regardless of sex or gender will help, "From this perspective, parental authority, or institution in this case, can represent a complex taboo." Psychoanalyst Melanie Kline, proposed a theory that broke gender stereotypes, but still retained the traditional maternal-family structure. Melanie Kline commissioned a "dangerous destructive tendency not only to the father but also to the mother in her discussion of the child's projective fantasies".
In addition, from a post-modern perspective Grose argues that "the Oedipus complex is not like that, it is more a way of explaining how humans are socialized... learning to face disappointment". The basic understanding is that "you must stop trying to be everything to your primary caregiver, and continue to be something for the whole world". Nonetheless, the open question remains whether or not such a post-Lacanian interpretation "stretches the Oedipus complex to a point where it barely looks like Freud anymore".
Sociocultural Criticism
The brothers and sister-brothers incest marriage-siblings are almost universally forbidden. The explanation for this steadfast incest is that rather than instinctual sexual desire, there is an instinctual sexual instinct to this union (See Westermarck's effect). Steven Pinker writes that "The idea that boys want to sleep with their mothers hit most of the men as the most ridiculous thing they've ever heard." Clearly, it seems not so for Freud, who wrote that as a boy he had experienced an erotic reaction to watch her mother's clothes.From the record is that Amalia Nathansohn Freud was relatively young during Freud's childhood and thus the age of reproduction, and Freud had a nurse, probably not experiencing the initial intimacy that would tip his perception system that Mrs. Freud is his mother. "
Some contemporary psychoanalysts agree with the idea of ​​the Oedipus complex at various levels; Hans Keller proposes that "at least in Western societies"; and others assume that ethnologists already have their temporal and geographical universality. Nevertheless, some psychoanalysts disagree that "the child then enters the Oedipal phase... [which] involves the acute awareness of an intricate triangle involving mothers, fathers, and children" and that "both positive and negative Oedipus themes are usually observed in development.". Although there is evidence of parent-child conflict, evolutionary psychologists Martin Daly and Margo Wilson note that it is not due to sexual ownership of the opposite sex; Thus, in Murder (1988), they propose that the Oedipus complex produced some predictable predictions, since they found no evidence of the Oedipus complex in humans.
In 2010, Anouchka Grose says that "a large number of people, today believe that the Oedipus Freud complex is dead... 'not proven', or only found unnecessary, sometimes in the last century ".
In Esquisse pouring autoanalyse une , Pierre Bourdieu argues that the success of the Oedipus concept can not be separated from the prestige associated with ancient Greek culture and a strengthened domination relationship in the use of this myth. In other words, if Oedipus was Bantu or Baoule, he probably would not benefit from the coronation of universality. This statement is reminiscent of the historical and social character of the founding founder of psychoanalysis.
Evidence
A study conducted at Glasgow University potentially supports at least some aspects of the psychoanalytic conception of the Oedipus complex. This study shows that men and women are twice as likely to choose a partner with the same eye color as the parents of the gender they are interested in. In another study by anthropologist Allen W. Johnson and psychiatrist Douglas Price-Williams showed that the classic version of the Oedipus Complex the boys traveled through, with less-pressed sexual and aggressive sentiment in cultures without class separation.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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