'?' ishah bint Ab? Bakr (613/614 - 678 CE; Arabic: ????? ? Transliteration: '?' Ishah > [? a: ??? a] , also transcribed as A'ishah , Ayesha , Ayesha , Aisha , Aishat , Aishah , or Aisha ) is one of Muhammad's wives. In Islamic writings, his name thus often begins with the title "Mother of Believers" (Arabic: ??????????????? umm al-mu'min? N ), as per the description of Muhammad's wife in the Qur'an.
Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during the life of Muhammad and after his death. In the Sunni tradition, Aisha is considered to be scientific and inquisitive. He contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death. He is also known for narrating the 2210 hadith, not only on matters relating to Muhammad's personal life, but also to topics such as inheritance, pilgrimage, and eschatology. His intelligence and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, was highly praised by early figures such as al-Zuhri and his disciple Urwa ibn al-Zubayr.
His father, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was replaced by Umar. During Uthman's third caliphate, Aisha had a major role in the opposition growing against him, although he disagreed with those responsible for his assassination as well as with Ali's party. During Ali's reign, he wanted to avenge Uthman's death, which he tried to do in the Battle of the Camel. He participated in battle by giving a speech and leading troops behind his camel. He eventually lost the battle, but his involvement and determination left a lasting impression. After that, he stayed peacefully in Medina for more than twenty years, took no part in politics, became at peace with Ali and did not oppose Mu'awiya's caliphate.
The majority of traditional sources of tradition say that Aisha married Muhammad at the age of six or seven, but she stayed in her parents' house until the age of nine, or ten according to Ibn Hisham, when the marriage was completed with Muhammad, then 53, in Medina. This timeline has been challenged by a number of scholars in modern times.
Shiites have a generally negative view of Aisha. They accused him of hating Ali and opposing him during his caliphate in the Battle of the Cam, when he fought against the people of Ali's army in Basra.
Video Aisha
Kehidupan awal
Aisha was born at the end of 613 or early in 614. She was the daughter of Umm Ruman and Abu Bakr in Mecca, two of Muhammad's most trusted friends. Aisha was the third and youngest wife of Muhammad.
No source offers more information about Aisha's childhood.
Marry Muhammad
The idea of ​​matching Aisha with Muhammad is suggested by Khawlah bint Hakim. After this, the previous agreement on Aisha's marriage with Jubayr ibn Mut'im was ruled out by mutual consent. Abu Bakr was initially unsure "about the propriety or even the legality of marrying his daughter with his 'brother'." The English historian William Montgomery Watt points out that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his relationship with Abu Bakr; the strengthening of bonds commonly used as a basis for marriage in Arab culture.
Married age
Aisha's age at the time of her marriage to Muhammad has been interesting since the early days of Islam, and reference to her age by early historians is frequent. According to sources of Sunni biblical tradition, Aisha was six or seven years old when she married Muhammad with an unfinished marriage until she reached the age of nine or ten years interpreted by many observers to show that she reached puberty at this age. For example, Sahih al-Bukhari states that Aisha narrated that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and she perfected her marriage when she was nine years old, and then she stayed with her for nine years (that is, until her death).Sahih al-Bukhari, 7: 62:64
The recording of Aisha's age in the collection of hadith came several centuries after the death of the Prophet, because the hadith (claimed) is the records of early Islam through a chain of unbroken witnesses verified (see: Hadith studies for more information). Hadith in this case comes from a collection with a valid status (fully authentic). However, some other traditional sources (without the same status) disagree. Ibn Hisham writes in Muhammad's biography that he may be ten years old at the time of consummation. Ibn Hisham also writes about two hundred years after Muhammad, based his biography on the now lost work of Ibn Ishaq, born some 72 years after Muhammad's death. Aisha was nine years old at marriage, and twelve hours in the first month, by Ibn Khallikan (1211-1282), and Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (784-845), the latter as the source of Hisham ibn Urwah (a grandson from a friend of Muhammad Zubayr ibn al-Awam).
Child marriage is not uncommon in many places at that time, including Arabs. It often serves a political purpose, and Aisha's marriage to Muhammad will have political connotations.
The Muslim writer who calculates the age of Aisha based on the more detailed information available about his sister Asma estimates that he is over thirteen and possibly between seventeen and nineteen at the time of his marriage. Muhammad Niknam Arabshahi, an Iranian historian and Islamic historian, has considered six different approaches to determine Aisha's age and conclude that she is involved in the late teenager. Using Fatimah's age as a reference point, the cleric of Ahmadiyya Movement Lahore, Muhammad Ali estimates that Aisha was more than ten years old at the time of marriage and more than fifteen at the time of her perfection.
American historian Denise Spellberg has reviewed Islamic literature on Aisha's virginity, age at marriage and the age at which the marriage was completed and speculated that Aisha's youth may have been exaggerated to exclude doubts about her virginity. Spellberg states, "Aisha's age is the main pre-occupation at Ibn Sa'd where her marriage varies between six and seven, nine seemingly constant as her age at the consummation of marriage." He notes an exception in Ibn Hisham's biography of the Prophet, which suggests that refinement is possible when Aisha is 10 years old, summarizes her review with the notion that "special reference to this bride age reinforces Aisha's pre-menarcheal status and, implicitly, her virginity. diversity of Aisha's age in the historical record. "Early Muslims regarded Aisha's youth as demonstrating her virginity and hence her suitability as Muhammad's bride. This virginity problem is very important for those who support Aisha's position in Muhammad's succession debate. These proponents consider that as the only virgin wife of Muhammad, Aisha is divinely addressed to her, and therefore the most credible of the debate.
Maps Aisha
Personal life
Relationship with Muhammad
In many Muslim traditions, Aisha is portrayed as Muhammad's beloved or beloved wife after her first wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, who died before migrating to Madinah. There are some traditions, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, which support this belief. Someone told me that when a friend asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" he replied, "Aisha." Others attribute that Muhammad built Aisha's apartment so that the door opened directly to the mosque, and that he was the only woman who received revelation from Muhammad. They bathe in the same water and she prays as she lies stretched out in front of her.
There are also various traditions that express the affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He often just sits up and sees him and his friends playing with dolls, and sometimes he'll even join them. In addition, they are close enough so that each is able to distinguish the mood of others, because many related stories. It is also important to note that there is evidence that Muhammad did not see himself as fully superior to Aisha, at least not enough to prevent Aisha from speaking her mind, even at the risk of angering Muhammad. One such example, "the announcement of Muhammad's revelation that allowed him to enter into a marriage prohibited to others drew from [Aisha] his reply," It seems that your Lord is rushing to satisfy your desires! '"Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had strong intellectual relationships, Muhammad appreciated his sharp memory and intelligence and thus instructed his friends to draw some of their religious practices from him.
Adultery allegations
Acts of alleged adultery against Aisha can be traced to the sura (chapter) An-Nur Al-Qur'an. As the story goes, Aisha left her howdah to find the missing necklace. Her slave climbed the howdah and prepared it for the journey regardless of the weight difference without Aisha's presence. Therefore the caravan did not accidentally leave without him. He remained at the camp until the next morning, when Safwan bin al-Mu'attal, a nomad and a member of Muhammad's army, found him and brought him back to Muhammad at the next army camp. Rumors that Aisha and Safwan have committed adultery, especially by Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Hassan ibn Thabit, Mistah ibn Uthatha and Hammanah bint Jahsh (sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh, one of Mohammed's wives). Usama ibn Zayd, son of Zayd ibn Harithah, defended Aisha's reputation; while Ali ibn Abi Talib suggests "Women are numerous, and you can easily change one to another." Muhammad came to speak directly with Aisha about the rumors. He still sits in his home when he announces that he has received a revelation from God that confirms that Aisha is innocent. Sura 24 specifies Islamic law and the punishment of adultery and slander. Aisha's accuser was subjected to 80 lashes.
The story of honey
After the daily prayer of Ashar, Muhammad will visit every apartment of his wife to inquire about their welfare. Muhammad was only in the amount of time he spent with them and the attention he gave them. Once, the fifth wife of Muhammad, Zaynab bint Jahsh, received honey from a relative whom Muhammad liked. As a result, every time Zaynab offers some of this honey to him, he will spend more time in his apartment. This is incompatible with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar.
Hafsa and I decide that when the Prophet enters one of us, he will say, "I smell Maghafir (rotten calamus). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he goes to one of us, he tells it to him. He replied (to him), "No, but I have drank honey at Zainab bint Jahsh's house, and I will never drink it again."... "But I've been drinking honey." Hisyam said: This also means his words, "I will not drink again, and I have sworn, so do not tell anyone about it"
Immediately after this incident, Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation in which he was told that he could eat anything that was allowed by God. Some Sunni commentators on the Qur'an sometimes give this story as a "revelation opportunity" for At-Tahrim, which opens with the following verses:
O Prophet! Why did you forbid what God has made law for you? You are looking to please your wife. But Allah is Forgiving, Most Merciful Allah has decreed for you, O man, the dissolution of your oath (in some cases): and Allah is your Protector, and He is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.
News spread to a small Muslim community that Muhammad's wives spoke sharply to him and conspired against him. Muhammad, sad and annoyed, was separated from his wives for a month. 'Umar, Hafsa's father, scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad about the matter. At the end of this period, the wives are humbled; they agreed to "say the right words and polite" and focus on the afterlife.
Muhammad's death
Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife all her life. When he fell ill and suspected that he might die, he began to ask his wife whose apartment he would live next. They finally know that he's trying to determine when he's due with Aisha, and they then allow him to retire there. She remained in Aisha's apartment until her death, and her last breath was taken as she lay in the arms of Aisha, his most beloved wife.
Political career
After Muhammad's death, which ended the marriage of Aisha and Muhammad for 14 years, Aisha lived fifty years in and around Medina. Most of his time is spent on studying and gaining knowledge of the Qur'an and the sunna of the Prophet Muhammad. Aisha is one of three wives (the other two are Hafsa bint Umar and Umm Salama) who memorize the Koran. Like Hafsa, Aisha has a copy of the Qur'an itself written after Muhammad's death. During the life of Aisha, many prominent Islamic customs, such as the veil and alienation of women, began.
The importance of Aisha to revitalizing Arab traditions and leadership among Arab women highlights the magnitude of Islam. Aisha became involved in early Islamic politics and the first three caliphs reigned: Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and' Uthman. During his time in Islam when women were not expected, or wanted, to contribute outside the home, Aisha delivered a public speech, became directly involved in war and even combat, and helped both men and women to understand Muhammad's practices.
Role during the Caliphate
Roles during the first and second caliphs
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first Caliph. This problem of Muhammad's succession is highly controversial for Shiites who believe that Ali has been appointed by Muhammad to lead while the Sunnis maintain that the public selects Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as father-in-law. As the Caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set the guidelines for a new position of authority.
Aisha garnered more privileges in the Islamic community because it was known as Muhammad's wife and daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr binds Aisha with the honors gained from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, he was given the title al-siddiqa bint al-siddiq , which means 'honest woman, daughter of an honest person', a reference to Abu Bakr's support in Israel and Mi'raj.
In 634 Abu Bakr fell ill and could not recover. Before his death, he pointed out 'Umar, one of his chief advisors, as the second caliph Al-Azhar's Umar in power continued to play a role as a consultant in political affairs.
Role during the third caliphate
After 'Umar died,' Uth? Chosen to be the third Caliph. He wanted to promote the interests of the Umayyads. Aisha little involved with 'Uthm? N for the first few years, but eventually he found his way into the politics of his government. He eventually grew to hate 'Urals? N, and many are unsure of what specifically triggers the opposition eventually towards him. A prominent contradiction that arises towards him is when 'Umat? Persecuted 'Ammar ibn Yasir (Muhammad's companion) by beating him. Aisha gets angry and speaks publicly, saying, "How quickly have you forgotten your prophet's practice (sunnah) and this, her hair, clothes, and sandals are not dead!".
As time passes, antipathy towards' Ush? Keep appearing. Another example of opposition arises when people come to Aisha, after the Urals? N ignores the legitimate punishment for Walid idn Uqbah (brother Ural? N). Aisha and Umm? Arguing with each other, Uthm? N finally made a comment about why Aisha came and how she was "told to stay home". What arises from this comment, is the question of whether Aisha, and in this case women, still have the ability to engage in public affairs. The Muslim community becomes divided: "some sides with the Urals, but others demand to know who has a better right than Aisha in such things".
The Khilafah was getting worse when Egypt was ruled by Abdullah ibn Saad. Abbott reported that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa from Egypt, the opposite of 'Um? N, falsified letters in the names of Mothers of the Believers 'to the conspirators against' Uthm? N. People cut 'Uthm'n' water and food supplies'. When Aisha was aware of the behavior of the audience, Abbott noted, Aisha could not trust the crowd "will offer such contempt to a widow of Muhammad". This refers to the time Safiyya bint Huyayy (one of Mohammed's wives) tried to help 'Umm? N and taken by the crowd. Malik al-Ashtar then approached him about killing the Urals and the letter, and he declared that he would never want to "command the shedding of the blood of the Muslims and their Im killing"; he also claimed he did not write letters. The city continues to oppose 'Ural'n, but for Aisha, her journey to Mecca is getting closer. With a trip to Mecca approaching this time, he wanted to get rid of himself from the situation. 'Umm? N heard about him not wanting to hurt him, and he asked him to keep it because of his influence on the people, but this did not persuade Aisha, and he continued his journey.
First Fitna
In 655, the house of Uthman was besieged by about 1,000 rebels. Eventually the rebels broke into the house and killed Uthman, provoking First Fitna. After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new Caliph, though Ali was not involved in Uthman's killing by many reports. Ali reportedly initially rejected the Caliphate, agreeing to reign only after his followers survived.
When Ali could not execute those accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech to him for not avenging Uthman's death. The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and a prominent member of the Banu Umayya. With funds from "Yemen's Treasury" Aisha set up a campaign against the Rashidun Ali Caliphate.
Aisha, along with troops including Zubayr ibn al-Awam and Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah, faced Ali's army, demanding the murder of Uthman's murderer who mingled with his troops outside the city of Basra. When his troops captured Basra he ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others, including Judge ibn Jabala, who was sentenced to death in the Haram Mosque. The power of Aisha is also known to have tortured and imprisoned Othman ibn Hanif, the governor of Basra appointed by Ali.
Ali gathered supporters and fought Aisha's forces near Basra in 656. This battle was known as the Battle of Camels, after the fact that Aisha directed her army from a howdah on the back of a great camel. Aisha troops were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in combat, regarded the first engagement in which Muslims fought against Muslims.
After 110 days of conflict, the Caliph Rashidun Ali bin Abi Talib met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent him back to Madinah under military escort led by his brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakar, one of Ali's commanders. He then retired to Medina without any interference with state affairs. He was also given a pension by Ali.
Although he retired to Medina, the efforts he left behind the Rashidun Ali caliphate did not end the First Fitna.
Contribution to Islam and influence
After 25 years of monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of polygamy, married at least nine wives further. Muhammad's marriage is further illustrated purely as a political game rather than a unity of sexual gratification. In particular, Muhammad's union with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar linked him to the two most important leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha and Hafsa's father, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn al-Khatt? B, respectively.
Aisha's marriage has provided its significance among many Islamic cultures, known as the most learned woman of his time. Being Muhammad's favorite wife, Aisha occupied an important position in her life. When Muhammad married Aisha in his youth, he was accessible "... to the values ​​necessary to lead and influence the brotherhood of Muslim women." After Muhammad's death, Aisha was found to be the source of the famous hadith, because of the quality of his intelligence and his memory. Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad's practice (sunnah). He claims to be an example for women, which can also be seen in several traditions attributed to him. The tradition of Aisha has traditionally opposed ideas unfavorable to women in an attempt to generate social change.
Menurut Reza Aslan:
The so-called Muslim women's movement is based on the idea that Muslim men, not Muslims, have been responsible for the suppression of women's rights. For this reason, Muslim feminists around the world are advocating a return to the community that Muhammad originally imagined for his followers. Despite the differences in culture, nationality, and belief, these women believe that the lesson that can be learned from Muhammad in Medina is that Islam is above all an egalitarian religion. Their Madinah is a society in which Muhammad designates women like Umm Waraqa as spiritual guide for the ummah; where the Prophet himself is sometimes scolded by his wife; where women pray and struggle with men; where women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted not only as a religion but also as political - and at least on one military occasion - the leader; and where the call to assemble to pray, shout from the roof of Muhammad's house, bring men and women together to kneel side by side and be blessed as an undivided community.
Not only Aisha supported Muhammad, but she also contributed intellectually to the development of Islam. He was given the title al-Siddiqah , which means 'the one who affirms the truth'. Aisha is known for her skills "... in the Qur'an, inheritance, legal and illegal things, poetry, Arabic literature, Arabic history, genealogy, and general medicine." His intellectual contribution to Islamic verbal texts was in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam. After Muhammad's death, Ayesha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith. Aisha's authentication of the ways of Muhammad's prayer and the recitation of his Qur'an enables the development of knowledge about his sunnah about praying and reciting Qur'anic verses.
Throughout Aisha's life, she is a strong advocate for the education of Muslim women, especially in Islamic law and teachings. He is known for establishing the first madrassa for women in his home. Attending the Aisha class are various family relatives and orphaned children. The men also attend the Aisha class, with a simple curtain separating male and female students.
Political influence
Some say that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, to the Caliph after Muhammad's death.
After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher. Upon arrival at Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. The end of public politics, however, did not completely stop its political influence. Personally, Aisha continues to influence those who are woven into the political sphere of Islam. Among the Islamic community, he is known as an intelligent woman who debates law with male friends. Aisha is also regarded as the proper embodiment of ritual while taking part in the pilgrimage to Mecca, a journey which she did with several groups of women. During the last two years of his life, Aisha spent most of her time telling Muhammad's stories, hoping to correct the false verses that became influential in formulating Islamic law. Because of this, Aisha's political influence continues to influence them in Islam.
Death
Aisha died at his home in Medina on 17 Ramadhan 58 AH (16 July 678). He is 67 years old. Some such as Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Judge Sanai, and Khwaja Mehboob Qasim Chishti Muhsarafee Qadiri said that he was killed by Muawiyah. Sahabah Muhammad Abu Hurairah led his funeral prayer after tahajjud (night) prayer, and he was buried in Jannat al-Baqi '.
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Sunni views of Aisha
Sunni believes he is Muhammad's favorite wife. They considered it (among other wives) to be Umm al-Mu'minin and among the members of Ahl al-Bayt, or the family of Muhammad. According to reports of Sunni hadith, Muhammad saw Aisha in two dreams where she was shown that she would marry her.
Aisha's Shia look
Aisha's Shiite view is negative. They accused him of hating Ali and opposing him during his Caliphate in the Battle of Camels, when he fought the men of Ali's army in Basra.
See also
- List of people associated with Qur'anic verses
- The gem of Medina
Note
References
Further reading
- Afshar, Haleh, Democracy and Islam , Hansard Society, 2006.
- Rodinson, Maxime, Muhammad , 1980 Random House reprinted the English translation
- Aisha binti Abi Bakr , Dictionary of World Religion of Concise Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
- Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar, Life of the Prophet Muhammad , Darul Tabligh North America, 1971.
- Askri, Mortaza, 'The Role of Ayesha in Islamic History' (Translation), publishing Ansar, Iran
- Chavel, GeneviÃÆ'¨ve. AÃÆ'¯chaÃ,: La bien-aimÃÆ' Â © e du prophÃÆ'¨te . SW Edition TÃÆ'Ã… © lÃÆ'Â Â © maque. October 11, 2007. ISBNÃ, 978-2753300552
External links
- "Biography of Aisha". Archived from the original on 2008-02-01 . Retrieved 2004-11-22 . Source of the article : Wikipedia
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