Founding Fathers of the United States

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The Founding Fathers of the United States are colonized descendants who settled in the Thirteen Colonies in North America that led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identifies the following seven figures as the Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin are members of the Committee of Five who drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay are authors of the The Federalist Papers , advocating the ratification of the Constitution. The Constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for each state of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) are very reliable when making the language for the US Constitution. Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) which would end the American Revolutionary War. Washington is the Supreme Commander of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. All hold a significant additional role in the early administration of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the country's first Chief Justice, Hamilton was the first Minister of Finance, and Franklin was America's most senior diplomat, and then the Pennsylvania government leader.

The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the embossed Emblem Marker of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Markers should not be confused with the terms Framers ; Framers are defined by the National Archives as 55 people designated to be delegates to the 1787 Constitution Convention and take part in the drafting of the proposed United States Constitution. Of the 55 Frammer, only 39 signed the Constitution. The further two groups of Founding Fathers include: 1) those who signed the Continental Association, the trade ban and one of the first collective movements of the colony to protest the British control and the Intolerant Act in 1774 or 2) those who signed the Confederate Budget, the US constitutional document first.

The phrase "Founding Fathers" is the twentieth century designation, created by Warren G. Harding in 1916. Before, and during the 19th century, they were called only "Father". This term has been used to describe the founders and settlers of the original royal colonies.

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The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774, consisting of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (excluding Georgia) who became the United States. Among them is George Washington, who will soon be withdrawn from military retirement to lead the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Also present were Patrick Henry, and John Adams, who liked all the delegates chosen by their respective colonial assemblies. Other delegates included Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, John Dickinson of Pennsylvania and John Jay from New York. The congress, in addition to formulating a call to the British crown, established the Continental Association to arrange boycotting action against the British.

When the Second Continental Congress was held on May 10, 1775, basically re-formed the First Congress. Many of the 56 same delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second meeting. Newcomers include Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, John Hancock of Massachusetts, and John Witherspoon of New Jersey. Hancock was elected President of Congress two weeks before the trial when Peyton Randolph was called back to Virginia to lead the House of Burgesses. Thomas Jefferson replaces Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation. The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon is the only active pastor to sign the Declaration. He also signed the Confederate Budget and attended the New Jersey convention (1787) which ratified the Federal Constitution.

Newly established countries in the United States must create a new government to replace the British Parliament. The United States adopted the Confederation Budget, a declaration establishing a national government with a one-house legislature. His ratification by the thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Confederate Congress, which met from 1781 to 1789. The Constitution Convention took place during the summer of 1787, in Philadelphia. Although the Convention was called to revise the Confederate Budget, intentions from the beginning for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were to create a new governmental framework rather than changing existing ones. Delegates chose George Washington to lead the Convention. The outcome of the Convention is the Constitution of the United States and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress.

Maps Founding Fathers of the United States

Interesting facts and equations

The Founding Fathers represent the cross-section of the US leadership of the 18th century. Almost all of them are highly educated people who are leaders in their community. Many also stand out in national affairs. Almost everyone has taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 have served in the Continental Army, most of them in command positions. Scholars have examined their collective biography as well as signatories to the Declaration and the Constitution.

Education

Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from colonial colleges, notably Columbia known at the time as "King's College", Princeton originally known as "College of New Jersey", Harvard College, College of William and Mary, Yale Colleges and Universities Pennsylvania. Some have previously attended home or earned preliminary instruction from a private tutor or academy. Others have studied abroad. Ironically, Benjamin Franklin who has little formal education himself will eventually establish the College of Philadelphia based on the European model (1740); "Penn" will have the first medical school (1765) in thirteen colonies where another Founder, Benjamin Rush will eventually teach.

With a number of professional schools established in the US, the Founders are also seeking advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as Edinburgh University, St. John's University. Andrews, and Glasgow University.

Colonial College attended

• College of William and Mary: Thomas Jefferson
• Harvard College: John Adams, John Hancock and William Williams
• King's College (now Columbia): John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, Robert R. Livingston, and Egbert Benson.
• College of New Jersey (now Princeton): James Madison, Gunford Bedford Jr., Aaron Burr, Benjamin Rush and William Paterson
• The College of Philadelphia then joined the University of Pennsylvania: Hugh Williamson
• Yale College: Oliver Wolcott
• James Wilson attends St. John's University Andrews, Glasgow University, and Edinburgh University even though he never received a degree.

Advanced and internships

Doctor of Medicine

• Edinburgh University: Rush
• Utrecht University, Netherlands: Williamson

Theology

• Edinburgh University: Witherspoon (present, no title)
• St. University Andrews: Witherspoon (honorary doctorate)

Apprenticeships law

Some like John Jay, James Wilson, John Williams and George Wythe are trained as lawyers through internships in the colony while some are trained at Inns of Court in London.

Demographics

Some Founding Fathers are the natives of the Thirteen Colonies.

• Massachusetts: Adams, Franklin
• New York: Jay
• Pennsylvania: Morris
• Virginia: Washington, Jefferson, Madison

At least nine were born outside the Thirteen Colonies

• English: Robert Morris
• Ireland: Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson
• West Indies: Hamilton
• Scotland: Wilson and Witherspoon

Many of them have moved from one country to another. Eighteen already living, studying or working in more than one country or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Davie, Dickinson, Little, Franklin, Ingersoll, Hamilton, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson.

Some other people have studied or traveled abroad.

Jobs

The Founding Fathers practice a variety of medium and high-sized jobs, and many are pursuing more than one career simultaneously. They do not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, unless they are generally younger and less senior in their profession.

• Thirty-five including Adams, Hamilton and Jay were trained as lawyers even though not all practiced law. Some are also local judges.
• Washington was trained as a land surveyor before he became commander of a small militia
• At the time of the service, 13 men were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Shields, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman and Wilson.
• Sweep and Some are small farmers.
• Three have retired from active economic ventures: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin.
• Franklin and Williamson are scientists, in addition to their other activities.
• McClurg, McHenry, Rush, and Williamson are doctors
• Johnson and Witherspoon are campus presidents.

Financial

The historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Declarators of Independence and concluded:

There is a difference in wealth, gain or inheritance: some Signatories are wealthy, others have enough to enable them to attend Congress.... The revolutionary majority comes from pretty good or average income brackets. Twice as many Loyalists become the richest echelon members. But some Signatories are rich; a little, the needy.... The Markers are chosen not because of the wealth or rank so much because of the evidence they have revealed about the willingness to serve the public. Some of them are rich or have financial resources ranging from good to extraordinary, but there are other less wealthy founders. Overall they are less wealthy than the Loyalists.

• Seven are main land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimmons, Gorham, Robert Morris, Washington, and Wilson.
• Eleven speculated in large-scale securities: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman.
• Much of the income earned from large plantations or farms they own or manage, which depend on the enslaved labor of men and women especially in the southern colony: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Davie, Johnson, Butler, Carroll, Jefferson , Jenifer, Madison, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington.
• Eight men receive most of their income from public offices: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge.

Previous political experience

Some of the Founding Fathers had extensive national, state, local and foreign political experience before the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. Some of them were diplomats. Some have become members of the Continental Congress or elected President of the body.

• Benjamin Franklin started his political career as a member of city council and then Peace Justice in Philadelphia. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly and sent by them to London as a colonial agent who helped to hone his diplomatic skills.
• Jefferson, Adams, Jay, and Franklin all gained significant political experience as ministers for the countries of Europe.
• John Adams and John Jay drafted their respective state Constitutions, Massachusetts and New York, and managed to navigate them until adoption.
• Jay, Thomas Mifflin, and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress.
• Gouverneur Morris was a member of the New York Provincial Congress.
• John Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge are the governors or presidents of their state.
• Robert Morris has been a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly and President of the Pennsylvania Security Committee (American Revolution). He is also a member of the Secret Correspondence Committee.
• Roger Sherman has served in the Connecticut Board of Representatives.
• Elbridge Gerry is a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress.
• Carroll is served in the Maryland Senate.
• Wyte's first exposition for politics was as a member of the House of Burgesses in Virginia.
• Read the entry to the political arena is as commissioner of Charlestown, Maryland.
• Clymer is a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety and the Continental Congress.
• Wilson's time as a member of the Continental Congress in 1776 was an introduction to colonial politics.

Almost all of 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention have experience in colonial and state governments, and the majority have local and regional offices. Those who do not have national congress experience are Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, and Yates.

Religion

Franklin T. Lambert (2003) has examined the affiliation and religious beliefs of some Founders. From 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitution, 28 Anglican (in English Church, or Episkopalian, after the American Revolutionary War), 21 Protestants, and two Roman Catholics (D. Carroll and Fitzsimons). Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, eight Presbyterians, seven Congregationalists, two Lutherans, two Dutch Reformers, and two Methodists.

Some of the most prominent Founding Fathers are anti-clerical Christians like Thomas Jefferson, who built the Jefferson Bible and Benjamin Franklin.

Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the prominent Founders (Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, Wilson, Morris, Madison, Hamilton, and Washington) are not Christians or Deis, but supporters of hybrid theistic "rationalism".

Faith Founding Fathers is a book dealing with the religion held by co-founders, written in 2006 by US historian David L. Holmes.

Slave ownership and position in slavery

Founding father is not united in the problem of slavery. In his study of Thomas Jefferson, historian Annette Gordon-Reed discusses this topic: "Others of the founders hold slaves, but no other founders are drafting a charter for freedom," In addition to Jefferson, George Washington, John Jay and many others from the Fathers The founders practice slavery but are also at odds with an institution that many perceive as immoral and politically divisive.

Franklin, although he was the founder of the Pennsylvania Removal Board, had a slave who later got her. John Jay will try to unsuccessfully abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York. He established the New York Manumission Society in 1785, where Hamilton became the officer. They and other members of the Union founded the African Free School in New York City, to educate black children and free slaves. It was not until Jay became governor of New York in 1798, that he signed a law of gradual elimination law; ended his slavery completely in 1827. He freed his own slaves in 1798. Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery, because his life experience made him very close to slavery and his influence on slaves and slave owners, even though he negotiated slave transactions for his wife's family. , the Schuylers. John Adams, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Paine have never had slaves.

Slaves and slavery are only mentioned indirectly in the 1787 Constitution. For example, Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 provides that "three fifths of all Others" shall be calculated for the distribution of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes. In addition, in Article 4, Section 2, Section 3, slaves are referred to as "persons held in service or labor". The Founding Fathers, however, make an important effort to withstand slavery. Many Northern states have adopted laws to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution. In 1782, Virginia passed a liberation law allowing slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed. As a result, thousands of slaves were robbed in Virginia. Thomas Jefferson, in 1784, proposed to ban slavery in all Western Territories, which failed to pass through Congress with one vote. Partly following Jefferson's plan, Congress banned slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, for land north of the Ohio River.

International slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina, in 1800. Finally in 1807, President Jefferson called for and signed federal prohibition laws on international slave trade throughout the US and its territory. It became a federal crime to import or export slaves. However, domestic slave trade is permitted, for expansion, or for the spread of slavery to the Louisiana Territories.

Attendance at the convention

In the winter and spring of 1786-1787, twelve of the thirteen states voted a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitution Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen delegates chose not to accept elections or attend debates; for example, Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that country politics was far more interesting and important than national politics, although during the ratification controversy of 1787-1788 he stated, "I smell a rat." Rhode Island did not send a delegate because of political suspicion of the delegation's motivation. When the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists, Rhode Island's absence at the Convention partially explained the absence of Baptist affiliation among those present. Of the 55 who were present at some point, no more than 38 delegates appeared at a time.

Couples and children

Only four are bachelors for life. Many of their partners, such as Eliza Schuyler Hamilton, Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Sarah Livingston Jay, Dolley Madison, Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer are powerful women who make their own significant contribution to the struggle for independence.

Sherman's father's biggest family: 15 children by two wives. At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once. Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) are lifelong bachelors. Many of the delegates also have illegally conceived children. George Washington, "Father of our Country," has no biological descendants.

Charter of freedom and historical documents of the United States

The National Archives and Archives Administration also known as NARA, defines the US Founding Document, or Charters of Freedom, as the Declaration of Independence (1776), Constitution (1787) and Bill of Rights (1791). This original instrument representing the philosophy of the United States is stored in Washington, D.C. in NARA Rotunda. The Library of Congress further identifies the Confederate Budget, which is also kept in NARA, as the main US document. The Confederate Articles functioned as the first constitution of the United States until its successor by the Constitution on 4 March 1789.

The signing of the Continental Association (CA), the Declaration of Independence (DI), the Confederation Budget (AC), and the United States Constitution (USC)):

Post-Constitution life

Subsequent events in the life of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution are marked by success or failure, reflecting the abilities of these people as well as the twists and turns of destiny. Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serve in the highest office of the President of the United States. Jay will be appointed as US Supreme Court Justice and then elected into two periods as Governor of New York.

Seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) experienced a serious financial reversal that kept them inside or nearly bankrupt. Robert Morris spent the last three years of his life imprisoned after a bad land deal. Two, Blount and Dayton, engage in activities that may be treasonous. However, as they did before the convention, most groups continued to do public service, especially to the new government they had helped create.

Youth and longevity

Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776: James Armistead Lafayette is 15, Marquis de Lafayette is 18, Alexander Hamilton is 19, Aaron Burr is 20, Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross are 24 years old. The eldest are Benjamin Franklin, 70, and Samuel Whittemore, 81.

Secretary Charles Thomson lived to be 94 years old. Johnson died at the age of 92. John Adams lived until the age of 90 years. Some - Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, Madison, Hugh Williamson, and George Wythe - live into their eighties. About 16 died in their seventies, 21 in their sixties, eight fifties, and five in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in a duel.

Friends and political enemies John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day - July 4, 1826.

The remaining founders, also called "Last of the Romans", lived well until the nineteenth century.

Founder who is not a signer or delegate

The following men and women are also recognized by many as the founders of the United States, based on their contribution to the formation of the nation and American democracy.

• Abigail Adams, adviser, First Lady and mother of a president
• Ethan Allen, military and political leader in Vermont
• Richard Allen, African-American bishop
• John Bartram, botanist, horticulture and explorer
• Egbert Benson, a politician from New York
• Elias Boudinot, New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress
• Aaron Burr, Vice President under Jefferson
• George Rogers Clark, army general.
• George Clinton, New York Governor, and US Vice President.
• Tench Coxe, economist at Continental Congress
• William Richardson Davie, delegate to the Constitution Convention (leaving before he can sign it), and the Governor of North Carolina.
• Albert Gallatin, politician and Minister of Finance
• Horatio Gates, army general.
• Nathanael Greene, general of the army
• Nathan Hale, who captured US soldiers executed in 1776
• Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, wife of Alexander Hamilton
• Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy
• James Iredell, an advocate for the Constitution, a judge
• John Paul Jones, naval captain
• Henry Knox, army general, Secretary of War
• Tadeusz Ko? ciuszko, general of the Polish army
• Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, general of the French army
• Henry Lee III, army officer and governor of Virginia
• Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and lawyer
• William Maclay, Pennsylvania politician and US Senator
• Dolley Madison, President James Madison's couple
• John Marshall, Fourth Supreme Court of the United States
• George Mason, revolutionary author, co-father of the Bill of Rights
• Philip Mazzei, Italian doctor, merchant, and author
• James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States
• Daniel Morgan, army commander and congressman of Virginia
• Samuel Nicholas, Commander of the Continental Navy
• James Otis Jr., Massachusetts lawyer and politician
• Thomas Paine, author of Common Intellect
• Andrew Pickens, army general and South Carolina Congressman
• Timothy Pickering, US Secretary of State from Massachusetts
• Israel Putnam, army general
• Edmund Randolph, first US Attorney General, second Secretary of State
• Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, de Rochambeau committee, general of the French army
• Haym Solomon, financier and spy for the Continental Army
• Thomas Sumter, SC's military hero and congressman
• Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian officer
• Joseph Warren, doctor, revolutionary leader
• Mercy Otis Warren, political writer
• Anthony Wayne, army general and politician
• Noah Webster, author, lexicographer, educator
• Thomas Willing, banker
• Paine Wingate, the oldest survivor, Continental Congress

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Legacy

Institutions formed by Founder

Some Founding Fathers play an important role in building schools and community institutions that still exist today:

• Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania, while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia.
• Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College, (today Franklin and Marshall) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the oldest medical community in America.
• Hamilton founded the New York Post , as well as the Coast Guard of the United States.
• Knox helped found the Cincinnati Society in 1783; society is predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and descendants. Members include Washington, Hamilton and Burr. Other founders such as Sam Adams, John Adams, Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they consider to be an elitist body and a threat to the Constitution. Franklin will then receive honorary membership even though Jay refuses.

Scholarship on Founder

Articles and books by twenty-first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources such as handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers.

Historians who focus on Founding Fathers

Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for a biography of George Washington. His best-selling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musicals of the same name.

Joseph J. Ellis - According to Ellis, the concept of Founding Fathers of the A.S. appeared in the 1820s when the last victim died. Ellis said "the founders", or "fathers," consisted of a group of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements are clearly less important than their mere presence as a symbol of a powerful but faceless past. For generations of national leaders who came in the 1820s and 1830s - people like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun - "co-founders" represented a heroic abstraction but an anonymous shadows long in all followers and their legendary performance against comparison.

We can not win victory in the war for independence, "Webster acknowledged in 1825." The earlier and more valuable hands have accumulated everything. There is also no place for us... [as] the founders of the state. Our father has filled it. But there remains to us a great defense and conservation task.

Joanne B. Freeman Freeman's field of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton and the political culture of the revolutionary and early national age. Freeman has documented the often conflicting visions of the Founding Fathers as they try to build a new framework for governance, "Regional distrust, personal hostility, accusations, suspicion, implications, and denials - this is a national political tenor from the start."

Annette Gordon-Reed is an American historian and professor of Harvard Law School. He is famous for altering scholarships to Thomas Jefferson about his relationship with Sally Hemings and his children. He has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers especially with regard to their position and their actions on slavery. He pointed out "a central dilemma in the heart of American democracy: the desire to create a society based on freedom and equality" that has not expanded those privileges to all. "

Jack N. Rakove - Thomas Jefferson

Peter S. Onuf - Thomas Jefferson

Note collection from Founding Fathers

• Adams Editorial Project
• Founders Online - a searchable database of over 178,000 documents written or addressed to George Washington, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams (and family), Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison.
• The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
• The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University
• The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University
• The Papers of James Madison at the University of Virginia
• The Washington Papers at the University of Virginia
• The Franklin Papers at Yale University

On stage and movie

The Founding Fathers are depicted in the Tony Award-winning musicals 1776 , a stage production of the debate, and finally adoption, the Declaration of Independence; a popular performance later turned into a 1972 film

Recently, some of the Founding Fathers - Hamilton, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Laurens and Burr - have been reorganized at Hamilton , a famous production of Alexander Hamilton's life, with music, lyrics and books by Lin-Manuel Miranda. The event was inspired by the 2004 biography of Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow. Rap music won 11 Tony Awards.

Children's books

In their 2015 children's book, The Founding Fathers writer Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorize 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the American formation - the Varsity Squad (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton) and Junior Varsity Squad (Sam Adams, Hancock, Henry, Morris, Marshall, Rush, and Paine).

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See also

• List of national founders (worldwide)
• The History of the Constitution of the United States
• English Privilege
• Patriot (American Revolution)
• Sons of Liberty
• Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War

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Note

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References

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External links

• Online Founder: Correspondence and Other Posts from the Six Major American Builders
• Debun - along with other fact-finding sites - Internet Myths "What Happens to the Signatures of the Declaration of Independence" (taken 01-30-15)
• "What Will the Founding Fathers Do Today?" on Wayback Machine (archived January 14, 2007)
• "Fathers, Biographies and Writings"

Source of the article : Wikipedia