Incest is a sexual activity between family members or close relatives. This usually includes sexual activity between people in relatives (blood relations), and sometimes associated with affinity, stepfamily, associated with adoption or marriage, or members of the same clan or lineage.
Tabu inest is and has become one of the most widespread of all cultural taboos, both today and in many societies of the past. Most modern societies have laws about incest or social restrictions on close marriages. In a society where it is illegal, incestual incestual adults are seen by some as a victimless crime. Some cultures prolong the inest taboos for relatives without relatives such as dairy brothers, stepsibling, and adoptive siblings, though sometimes with less intensity. Third-level relatives (such as half aunts, half nephews, first cousins) with an average share of 12.5% ​​of genes, and sexual relationships among them are perceived differently in different cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable. Children of incestuous relationships are considered illegitimate, and are still considered in some societies today. In many cases, parents have no option to marry to remove that status, because an incestual marriage is, and is usually prohibited as well.
A common justification for forbidding incest is to avoid inbreeding: a collection of genetic disorders suffered by children of parents with close genetic relationships. Such children have a greater risk for congenital, death, and developmental and physical disabilities, and the risk is proportional to their parental relationship coefficients - the size of how closely parents are genetically related. But inbreeding is not the only basis for incest taboo for two reasons. First, most of the ban on incest relations involves affinity relationships - that is, the relationships created by marriage (eg father-in-law and dad's step) -and the relationships made by adoption. And second, the inest taboo also applies to non-procreative sex - for example, sex between infertile relatives, relatives of the same sex, or sex performed by birth control.
In some societies, such as Ancient Egypt and others, brothers, father-daughters, mother-children, cousins, aunts, nephews, and other combinations of relationships were practiced among the nobility as a means of perpetuating the lineage kingdom. Some societies, such as the Balinese and some Inuit tribes, have different views on what constitutes an illegal and immoral incest. However, sexual intercourse with first-degree relatives (such as parents or siblings) is almost universally prohibited.
Video Incest
Terminology
The English word incest comes from the Latin incestus , which has the general meaning of "unclean, unclean". It was introduced into Central English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period) and in a narrow modern sense. The adjective incestuous adjective appears in the 16th century. Before the Latin term came in, incest was known in Old English as sib-leger (from sibb 'kinship' leger 'to lie') or < i> m ?? h? med (from m ?? 'relatives, parents' ho med 'intercourse') but in time, the two words are no longer used. Terms like incest and incestual have been used to describe those who are interested or engaged in sexual relationships with relatives among humans, while inbreeder has been used in relationships similar behavior among animals or non-human organisms.
Maps Incest
History
Antiquity
In ancient China, the first cousins ​​of the same surname (that is, those born of a father's brother) were not allowed to marry, while those with different surnames (ie, mother's cousins ​​and father's cousins ​​who were born of the father's sister).
Some Egyptian Pharaohs married their brothers and had several children with them. For example, Tutankhamun married his half-brother Ankhesenamun, and himself was the son of an affair between Akhenaten and an unknown sister. It is now generally accepted that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during the Greco-Roman period. Many papyri and Roman census declarations prove that many husbands and wives are brothers and sisters, of the same father and mother. The most famous of these relationships is the royal family of Ptolemy; Cleopatra VII married her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII, while his mother and father, Cleopatra V and Ptolemy XII, were also brothers and sisters.
The Oedipus tale, with the unintentional incest theme between a mother and a child, ends in disaster and shows old-fashioned taboos against incest because Oedipus is punished for incest by blinding himself. In the "sequel" to Oedipus, Antigone , the four children were also punished for their parents' incestmentness. Incest appeared in the usual version received from the birth of Adonis, when his mother, Myrrha had sex with her father Cinyras during the festival, disguised as a prostitute.
In Ancient Greece, the Spartan King Leonidas I, the legendary hero of the Battle of Thermopylae, married his nephew Gorgo, his stepdaughter's daughter Kleomenes I. Greek law allows marriage between brothers and sisters if they have different mothers. For example, some accounts say that Elpinice is temporarily married to his stepbrother, Cimon.
Incest is mentioned and condemned in Virgil's Aeneid Book VI: hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos; "This one invaded the girls' room and forbidden sex acts".
Roman civil law prohibits marriage in four degrees of connectedness but has no degree of affinity with regard to marriage. Roman civil law prohibits marriage between parents and children, either in the ascending or descending line of ad infinitum . Adoption is considered to be the same as an interest that foster father can not marry a daughter or grandson who is not glorified even if the adoption has been dissolved. Incestuous union is discouraged and considers the "fleeting" (against the laws of gods and humans) in ancient Rome. In AD incest 295 is explicitly prohibited by the imperial decree, which divides the concept of incestus into two distinct categories of gravity: the incestus iuris gentium, which is applied to both Romans and non -Romans in the Empire, and incestus iuris civilis, who cares only Roman citizens. Therefore, for example, an Egyptian can marry an aunt, but a Roman can not. Although the act of incest was unacceptable in the Roman Empire, Roman Emperor Caligula reportedly had sexual relations with his three sisters (Julia Livilla, Drusilla, and Agrippina the Younger). Emperor Claudius, after execution of his previous wife, married his son, Agrippina the Younger, and changed the law to allow unlawful union. The law forbidding to marry the daughter of a sister persists. The taboo against incest in Ancient Rome is indicated by the fact that politicians will use incest (often false accusations) allegations as an insult and means of excommunication of political rights.
In Norse mythology, there is a brother's theme of marriage, a notable example being between NjÃÆ'¶rÃÆ' Â ° r and his unnamed sister (probably Nerthus), Freyja's parents and Freyr. Loki in turn also accused Freyja and Freyr of having sexual relations.
Reference Bible
According to Genesis 20:12 of the Hebrew Bible, Patriarch Abraham marries his nephew, Sarah. According to 2 Samuel, Amnon, son of King David, raped his half-brother, Tamar (2 Samuel 13).
In Genesis 19: 30-38, who lived in a remote area after the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot's two daughters conspired to intoxicate and seduce their father because of the lack of couples available to continue her lineage. Drunk, Lot "does not feel" when his eldest son, and the next night his younger daughter, lies with her. (Genesis 19: 32-35)
More references
According to the Book of Jubilees, Cain marries his sister, Cloud.
From the Middle Ages and above
Many European kings are linked because of political marriage, sometimes resulting in distant cousins ​​(and even first cousins) married. This is especially true in the houses of the Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Savoy, and Bourbon kingdoms. However, the relationship between siblings, who may have been tolerated in other cultures, is considered disgusting. For example, the allegation that Anne Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn had committed incest was one of the reasons that both siblings were executed in May 1536.
Incestual marriages are also seen in ancient Japanese and Korean royal houses, Inca Peru, Ancient Hawaii, and, occasionally, Central Africa, Mexico, and Thailand. Like the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, the Inca rulers married their sisters. Huayna Capac, for example, was the son of Topa Inca Yupanqui and the Inca sister and wife.
Half sibling marriages were found in ancient Japan such as the wedding of Emperor Bidatsu and his step sister, Suiko. Prince Kinashi no Karu from Japan has sexual relations with his sister, Princess Karu no? Iratsume, although the act was considered stupid. To prevent the influence of other families, a half-brother of the Goryeo king of the Korean Dynasty Gwangjong became his wife in the 10th century. His name is Daemok. Marriage with family members not related to blood is also considered to violate morality and therefore incest. One example is the Chunghye of Goryeo of the 14th century, who raped one of his deceased father's concubines, who were regarded as his mother.
In the state of Tamil Nadu in South India, it is a practice widely practiced for men to marry their sister's daughters.
Prevalence and statistics
Incest between an adult and an individual under the age of consent is considered a form of child sexual abuse that has proven to be one of the most extreme forms of child abuse; often resulting in serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in cases of parental incest. Prevalence is difficult to generalize, but research estimates that 10-15% of the general population has at least one sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or intercourse. Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%.
Pastor father and daughter for many years is the most commonly reported and studied form of incest. More recently, studies have shown that sibling incest, especially older brothers who have sex with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest, with some research finding that sibling incest occurs more frequently than form other forms of incest. Several studies have shown that the perpetrators of teenage violence choose younger victims, victims of abuse in longer periods, use violence more often and more severely than adult offenders, and that your abuse has a higher level of penetration than dad or dad the step of incest, with the father and incest of older brothers produced greater pressure than the stepfather incest.
Type
Between adults and children
Sex between adult family members and a child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse known as child sexual abuse, and for many years has been the most frequently reported incest. Father-daughters and stepfather stepfathers are the most frequently reported form of adult-child incest, with most of the rest involving the mother or stepmother. Many studies have found that stepfathers tend to be far more likely than biological fathers to engage in this form of incest. One study of adult women in San Francisco estimated that 17% of women were abused by stepfathers and 2% were abused by biological fathers. The father-son incidents are reported less frequently, but it is not known how close the frequency is to the heterosexual relationship because there is less chance of being reported. The prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to assess because of confidentiality and privacy.
In a 1999 news, The BBC reported, "The close family life in India is covering an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report shows.RAHI Delhi organization said 76% of respondents for surveys have been abused when they were children - 40% of them by family members. "
According to the National Center for Victims of Crime, most of the rapes committed in the United States are committed by family members:
Research shows that 46% of children who were raped were victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) were raped before the age of 18; Furthermore, 29% of all rapes occur when the victim is less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims were raped by their fathers or stepfathers, and another 16% were raped by other relatives.
A study of father-child incest victims in the 1970s showed that there was a "common feature" in the family prior to the incest: the estrangement between mother and daughter, the dominance of the extreme father, and the reassignment of several large families of the mother's family. responsibility to his daughter. The eldest and only daughter is more likely to be the victim of incest. It is also stated that incest experiences are psychologically harmful to women in later life, often leading to feelings of inferiority, unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems.
Adults who as children are abused by adults often suffer from low self-esteem, interpersonal difficulties, and sexual dysfunction, and are at a very high risk of many mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, phobic avoidance reactions, somatoform disorders , substance abuse, impaired personality threshold, and complex post-traumatic stress disorder. The study by Leslie Margolin showed that mother-child incest did not trigger some innate biological responses, but the effect was more directly related to the symbolic meanings associated with this action by the participants.
The Goler clan in Nova Scotia is a specific example in which child sexual abuse in forced/adult forms and siblings/incest sibs occurs for at least three generations. A number of Goler children are victims of sexual harassment at the hands of father, mother, uncle, aunt, sister, brother, cousin, and one another. During interrogation by police, some adults openly claim to be involved in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including complete sex, several times with children. Sixteen adults (both male and female) are accused of hundreds of alleged violations of incest and sexual harassment of children as young as five years. In July 2012, twelve children were excluded from the 'Colt' family in New South Wales, Australia, after the discovery of four generations of incest. Child protection workers and psychologists say interviews with children show "virtual sexual freedom for good".
In Japan, there is a popular misconception that mother-child incest contact is common, because of the way depicted in the press and popular media. According to Hideo Tokuoka, "When Americans think about incest, they think of fathers and girls, in Japan people think of mothers and boys" because of the extensive media coverage of the relationship between mothers and boys there. Some western researchers assume that male male incest is common in Japan, but research into the sacrificial statistics of police and health care systems discredited this; This indicates that most sexual harassment, including incest, in Japan is perpetrated by men against young girls.
While incest between adults and children generally involves adults as abusers, there are some rare instances of boys who sexually assault their mothers. These boys are usually mid-teens to young adults, and, unlike parents-initiated incest, the incident involves some sort of physical strength. Although mothers may be accused of teasing with their sons and inviting sexual contact, this is contrary to evidence. Such accusations can be parallel to other forms of rape, where, because the victim blames, a woman is accused either of wrongdoing of rape. In some cases, maternal-child incest is best classified as the rape of a mother's acquaintance by a teenager.
Between siblings
The intercourse of younger siblings is considered widespread but is rarely reported. Siblings-brothers become child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most frequently reported form of incest marriage is the abuse of siblings by older siblings. A 2006 study showed that most adults who suffer from inbreeding marriage have "distorted" or "disturbed" beliefs (such that the actions are "normal") both about their own experiences and the subject of sexual harassment in general.
Crude deliberate marriage is most common in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with rough siblings using incest as a way of asserting their power over a weaker brother. The absence of a father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of daughters by a brother. Destructive effects on childhood development and adult symptoms of sexual abuse are similar to father-son effects, including substance abuse, depression, suicide, and eating disorders.
Between agreeing adults
Sexual activity between adult close relatives is sometimes thought to have originated from genetic sexual interest. This form of incest has not been widely reported, but evidence suggests that this behavior does occur, perhaps more often than many realize. Internet chats and topical websites exist that provide support for incest couples.
Incestuous supporters of approved adults describe clear boundaries between adult behavior and rape, child abuse, and cruel incest. However, even such consensual relationships are still legally classified as "incest". James Roffee, senior criminology lecturer at Monash University and former worker about legal responses to family sexual activity in England and Wales, and Scotland, discusses how the European Convention on Human Rights considers all family sexual acts as criminals, even if all parties give full consent them and have knowledge for all the possible consequences. He also argues that the use of certain language tools in legislation manipulates the reader to assume all family sexual activity as immoral and criminal, even if all parties agree on an adult.
According to one of the incest participants cited for the article in The Guardian :
You can not help who you love, it just happens. I fell in love with my sister and I'm not ashamed... I just feel sorry for my mom and dad, I hope they can be happy for us. We love each other. There's nothing like a parent trying to screw his three-year-old son, that's nasty and disgusting... Of course we agree, that's the most important thing. We are not nasty people. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world.
In Slate , William Saletan draws a legal relationship between gay sex and incest between consenting adults. As he described in his article, in 2003, US Senator Rick Santorum commented on a pending US Supreme Court case involving sodomy laws (primarily as a matter of Constitutional rights to Privacy and Equal Protection under the Law):
"If the Supreme Court says that you have the right to have consensual sex in your home, then you have the right to do bigami, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to commit adultery."
Saletan argues that, legally and morally, there is essentially no difference between the two, and continues to support incest between consenting adults who are protected by the legal right to privacy. UCLA law professor Eugene Volokh has made similar arguments. In a more recent article, Saletan says that incest is wrong because it introduces the possibility of a family unit that can be improved by introducing "dynamic tension - striking sexual tension - into the mix".
Aunt, uncle, nephew, or nephew
In the Netherlands, marrying a nephew or nephew is legal, but only with explicit permission from the Dutch Government, because of the possible risk of genetic defects among offspring. Marriage nieces-nephews mainly occur among foreign immigrants. In November 2008, the Scientific Institute of the Christian Democratic Party (CDA) announced that they wanted a marriage ban between nephews and nephews.
Consensual sex between adults (people over the age of 18 years old) is always valid in Holland and Belgium, even among closely related family members. Sexual acts between adult family members and minors are illegal, although they are not classified as incest, but because abuse of authority like adults has more than a minor, comparable to a teacher, coach or imam.
In Florida, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone known as your aunt, uncle, nephew or nephew is a third-degree crime. Other countries also usually forbid marriage between such relatives. Sex legality with half aunt or half uncle varies from state.
In Britain, incest only includes sexual intercourse with parents, grandparents, children or siblings, but a more recent offense introduced about "sexual intercourse with an adult relative" extends also as far as half-siblings, uncles, aunts, nephews , and nephews. The term 'incest', however, is still widely used in popular culture to describe all forms of sexual activity with a relative.
Among adult siblings
The most common case of adult consensual adult affairs in recent years is the case of German brothers, Patrick Stäbing and Susan Karolewski. Due to his father's violent behavior, Patrick was taken at the age of 3 by foster parents, who later adopted him. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met him and 16-year-old Sister Susan for the first time. Adult Patrick now moved into his immediate family shortly thereafter. After their mother died suddenly six months later, her siblings became very close, and had their first child together in 2001. In 2004, they had four children: Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The general nature of their relationship, and their repeated prosecution and even imprisonment as a result, has led some in Germany to question whether the incest between consenting adults should be punished altogether. An article about them at Der Spiegel states that the couple is happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. In April 2012, in the European Court of Human Rights, Patrick StÃÆ'¼bing lost his case that the verdict violated his right to private and family life. On September 24, 2014, the German Council of Ethics has recommended that the government abolish laws that criminalize blood-related relationships between siblings, arguing that such restrictions befall on citizens.
Some societies distinguish between sibling and half brother relationship. In ancient societies, siblings 'and half-siblings' marriage took place.
Cousin relationship
Marriage and sexual relations between first cousins ​​are stigmatized as incest in some cultures, but tolerated in most parts of the world. Currently, 24 US states ban marriage between first cousins, and seven others allow them only under special circumstances. The United Kingdom permits marriage and sexual intercourse between first cousins.
In some non-Western societies, weddings between close relatives account for 20% - up to 60% of all weddings.
First and second cousin marriages are rare, accounting for less than 1% of marriages in Western Europe, North America and Oceania, while reaching 9% in South America, East Asia and Southern Europe and about 50% in the Middle East region. , North Africa and South Asia. Communities like Dhond and Bhittani of Pakistan obviously prefer marriage between cousins ​​as their beliefs ensure purity of the lineage, provide a deep knowledge of the couple, and ensure that the inheritance will not pass into the hands of "outsiders".
There are several cultures in Asia that stigmatize cousin marriage, in some cases even marriages between second cousins ​​or people who are related to long distance. This is especially true in Korean culture. In South Korea, before 1997, anyone with the same last name and clan was forbidden to marry. Given that this law was held unconstitutional, South Korea now only forbids until its third cousin (see Section 809 of the Civil Code of Korea). The Hmong culture prohibits marriage with anyone with the same last name - to do so will result in being shunned by the whole community, and they are usually stripped of their last names. Some Hindu communities in India ban cousin marriage.
In a review of 48 studies on children coused by cousins, birth defects doubled from unrelated pairs: 4% for cousin couples compared with 2% for the general population.
Defined by marriage
Some cultures include relatives with marriage in the prohibition of incest; these relationships are called affinities rather than relatives. For example, the question of the legality and morality of a widower who wanted to marry his deceased sister's wife was the subject of a long and fierce debate in England in the 19th century, involving, among others, Matthew Boulton and Charles La Trobe. The marriages are done in Scotland and Switzerland respectively, where they are legitimate. In medieval Europe, standing as a godparent for a child also created a bond of closeness. But in other societies, dead siblings are considered ideal people to marry. The Hebrew Bible forbids a man from marrying his brother's widow with the exception that, if his brother dies without children, he is asked to marry his brother's widow to "raise up his seed" (per Deuteronomy 25: 5-6).
In Islamic law, marriage between close blood relations such as parents, step parents, parents-in-law, siblings, stepchildren, siblings, aunts and uncles are forbidden, while the first or second cousins ​​may be married. Married to a widow's widow, or a sister of a dead or divorced wife is also permitted.
Inbreeding
The offspring of biologically related parents are subject to the possible effects of inbreeding. Such offspring have a higher likelihood of congenital birth defects (see Coefficient of relationship) because they increase the proportion of the homozygous zygote to destructive recessive alleles that produce such disturbance (see Inbreeding depression). Since most such alleles are rare in the population, it is unlikely that two unrelated married couples will become heterozygous carriers. However, since close relatives share most of their alleles, the probability that all these rare destructive alleles present in common ancestors will be inherited from both related parents increases dramatically with respect to unmarried partners. Contrary to popular belief, inbreeding does not by itself alter the frequency of the allele, but increases the relative proportion of homozygous to heterozygous. It has two opposite effects.
- In the short term, because incestuous reproduction increases zygosity, a destructive recessive allele will express itself more frequently, leading to an increase in spontaneous zygote abortion, perinatal death, and postnatal offspring with birth defects.
- However, in the long run, due to increased exposure of destructive recessive alleles for natural selection, the frequency declines more rapidly in the mating population, leading to a "healthier" population (with fewer destructive recessive alleles).
The closer the two people are concerned, the higher the zygosity, and thus the heavier the biological costs of inbreeding. This fact may explain why inbreeding between close relatives, such as siblings, is less common than inbreeding between cousins.
There may also be other damaging effects other than those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, the same immune system may be more susceptible to infectious diseases (see Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection).
A 1994 study found significant mean mortality with inbreeding among first cousins ​​of 4.4%. Children of parent-child or union siblings are at an increased risk compared to cousin's cousins. Studies show that 20-36% of these children will die or have major disabilities due to inbreeding. A study of 29 children resulting from females or father-daughter incest found that 20 had congenital abnormalities, including four directly due to an autosomal recessive allele.
Animal
Many species of mammals, including the closest human primate relatives, tend to avoid marriage with close relatives, especially if there are alternative partners available. However, some chimpanzees have been noted trying to mate with their mothers. Male rats have been noted to be involved in marriage with their sisters, but they tend to prefer women who are not related to their sisters.
Breeders often conduct controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics in a population, which is also accompanied by the annihilation of what is considered an improper offspring, especially when trying to build new and desirable properties in stock.
Insects
Bed bugs: North Carolina State University found that bedbugs are very different from most other insects that allow incest and are able to genetically withstand inbreeding effects quite well.
Legal
The law regarding sexual activity between close relatives varies greatly between jurisdictions, and depends on the type of sexual activity and the nature of family relationships of the parties involved, as well as the age and sex of the parties. The prohibition of incest laws can extend to restrictions on marriage rights, which also vary between jurisdictions. Most jurisdictions prohibit the marriage of parents-children and siblings, while others also forbid the marriage of cousins ​​and nephew's uncles and nieces. In many places, incest is illegal, regardless of the age of the two couples. In other countries, incestuous relationships between approved adults (age vary by location) are permitted, including in the Netherlands, France, Slovenia, and Spain. Sweden is the only country that allows marriage between stepbrothers and they should seek government counseling before marriage.
While the legality of consensual incest varies in each country, sexual assault on a relative is usually seen as a very serious crime. In some legal systems, the fact that a perpetrator has a close relationship with the victim is an incriminating situation in a case of sexual crimes such as rape and sexual conduct with a minor - this is the case in Romania.
Religious view
Jet and Christian
According to the Torah, per Leviticus 18, the "sons of Israel" - the same men and women of Israel - are forbidden from sexual intercourse between "near family" (see Verse 6), which is defined as:
- Parents and children (see verse 7)
- Brothers and half siblings (see verses 9 and 11). The relationship between the two is specifically devoted to a curse in Deuteronomy 27, and they are the only two types of incestuous relationships that are among specific specialist relationships-with other special relationships not related to incest family betrayal (cf. 20) and bestiality (cf. v. 21)
- Grandparents and grandchildren (cf. v. 10)
- Aunt and nephew, uncle and niece, etc. (cf. verses 12-14). The relationship between the two is the kind of second relationship specifically chosen for a curse in Deuteronomy 27, and explicit examples of the law-in-law and mother-in-law (see Verse 23) serve to remind the Israelites that the parents-in-law also (or at least should) aunt and child-in-law aunt:
And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the Lord, saying: 'The children of Joseph speak truth. This is what the LORD has commanded of the daughters of Zelophehad, saying: Let them marry whom they think best; only in the family of their fathers tribe, they will marry. So there will be no inheritance from the children of Israel who are moved from tribe to tribe; because the children of Israel will separate everyone from their ancestral heritage. And every daughter, who has an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, will be the wife of one of her father's tribe families, that the children of Israel may possess every one of the inheritance of their fathers. So there will be no inheritance lost from one tribe to another; because the tribes of Israel will separate each one into their own inheritance. 'Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so are the daughters of Zelophehad. For Mahlah, Tirza, and Hogla, and Milka, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, married the sons of their father's brother.
Incestuous ties are considered to be severe among the
In the 4th century BC, Soferim ( scribe ) stated that there is a relationship in which marriage is an incest, in addition to what is mentioned by the Torah. This additional relationship is called seconds (Hebrew: sheniyyot ), and includes the wife of the grandfather and grandson. The classical rabbis forbade marriage between a man and one of these seconds , on the grounds that doing so would serve as protection against breaking the biblical incest rule, even though there was a debate which is not conclusive about what the boundary should be for the definition of seconds .
The marriage prohibited in the Torah (with the exception of a nephew's uncle marriage) was considered by the medieval rabbis as illegitimate - as if they had never happened; every child born of such a couple is considered a bastard under Jewish law, and the family of the couple is not considered a prohibited relationship for further marriage. On the other hand, the relationship prohibited by qualification as second , etc., is considered a bad person, but still valid; while they may have pressured such a spouse to divorce, every child of the union is still considered valid.
Catholicism
The Catholic Church in general does not allow marriage if there is any doubt as to whether the potential partner is related to blood relations at any level from the direct line or at the second level of the collateral line.
The definition of incest varies throughout history. The Fourth Lateran Council held in 1215 attempted to codify that marriage was forbidden up to and including a third cousin, although permitted to surpass this for a fourth cousin, a third cousin after being transferred, etc.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, marriage is banned between second or closer cousins ​​and between a second aunt/second aunt and a second niece (between first cousins ​​after being removed) or closer. Married to a godparent or a dead sibling is also prohibited, although marrying a stepchild is not a person. Vyacheslav Ivanov exercised his right to marry his stepson after the death of his mother (his first wife).
The Anglican Communion General Prayer Book allows marriage to and including first cousins.
In the book of Augustine of Hippo City of God, the book of 5th century Christian philosophy, he claims that the children of Adam and Eve must marry each other to produce offspring.
Islam
The Qur'an provides specific rules concerning incest, which prohibits a married man or has sexual intercourse with:
Cousin's marriage finds support in the Islamic holy book and is widespread in the Middle East.
Although Islam permits cousin marriage, there is a hadith associated with Muhammad who called for distance from the kinship marriages.
Zoroastrian
In Zoroastrianism, incest between cousins ​​is a virtue although in some sources incest is believed to be related to parent-child or sister. This is called Xvaetvadatha. Friedrich Nietzsche, in his book The Birth of Tragedy, quotes that among Zoroastrians a wise minister was only born by Xvaetvadatha The extent to which Xvaetvadatha was practiced in Iranian Sasanian and earlier, especially outside the royal family and nobility ("incest dynasties ") and, perhaps, the clergy, and whether the practices deemed to be derived from them can be assumed to be unclearly characteristic of the general population. The evidence from Dura-Europos, however, combined with Jewish and Christian sources citing real cases under the Sasanians, strengthens the evidence of the Zoroastrian texts. In the post-Sasanian Zoroastrian literature, Xvaetvadatha is said to refer to a marriage between a cousin that is always relatively common. When Anquetil Duperron visited Parsis in the mid-18th century, he was told the term that refers to a marriage with a cousin, and according to James Darmesteter, it is rare for a Parsi to marry outside the family; marriage between cousins ​​(marriages performed in heaven) is practical and normal, while other incestual marriages are taboo and illegal.
Hindu
Rgveda considers incest as "evil". Hinduism speaks of incest in disgusting terms. Hindu people believe that there is an effect of karma and the adverse effects of incest and thus practicing the strict rules of endogamy and exogamy, and the same family tree ( gotra ) or lineage ( Pravara ). Marriage in gotra ("swagotra" marriage) is prohibited under the authority of exogamy in the traditional marriage system. People in the gotra are considered family and marrying such a person would be considered an incest. ie Marriage with father's cousin is strictly prohibited. Marriage between two persons whose parents are paternally related to several generations is strictly prohibited. Gotra is transferred to the male lineage while Gotra is from a female change at a wedding. ie, when married a woman will belong to her husband's lineage.
Marriage with someone who has the same Gotra as the original Gotras (lineage) is forbidden.
In the Mahabharata, one of the two great Hindu Epics, Arjuna takes on as his fourth wife, his first brother and Subhadra's cousin, the sister of Krishna. Arjuna went into exile alone after interrupting Yudhishthira and Draupadi in their private place. It was during the last part of his exile, while staying at Dvaraka's residence from his cousin, that he fell in love with Subhadra. While eating at Balarama's house, Arjuna is fascinated by Subhadra's beauty and decides he will get it as his wife. Son Subhadra and Arjuna are Abimanyu's tragic heroes. According to oral tradition of Andhra Pradesh, Abhimanyu himself was married to Shashirekha's first cousin, the daughter of Subhadra's brother, Balarama. The cross-cousin marriage is visible from Arjuna's marriage to Subhadra, Pradyumna's marriage (eldest son Krishna) with Rukmi's daughter (Brother Rukmini). Krishna is also married to his cousin, Mitravinda (Sister Princess Vasudeva, Rajadhi, who is Queen Avanti) and Bhadra (Princess Vasudeva Sister, Shrutakirti, who is the Kingdom of the Rich.)
See also
- Incidental incident
- Genetic sex appeal
- Inbreeding
- Inbreeding depression
- Incest in folklore
- Incest in popular culture
- Taboo Incest
- Equivalence
- Westermarck Effects
- Cousin's wedding
References
- Notes
- References Bixler, Ray H. (1982) "Commenting on the Incident and Purpose of Royal Sibling Incest," American Ethnologist , 9 (3), August, pp.Ã, 580-582.
External links
- Ã, "Incest". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 14 (issue 11). 1911.
- Incest in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- "Incest/Sexual Abuse of Children" by Patricia D. McClendon, MSSW
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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