The Kaddish or Qaddish (Aramaic: ???? /i> "sacred"; alternative spelling: ? addish ) is a hymn of praise to God found in the Jewish prayer service. The central theme of Kaddish is the enlargement and sanctification of the name of God. In the liturgy, different versions of Kaddish are used functionally as a separator between the service parts.
The term "Kaddish" is often used to refer specifically to "The Mourner's Kaddish", which is said to be part of a mourning ritual in Judaism in all the service of prayer, as well as in the cemetery (other than in the grave, see Qaddish a? Ar Haqq? "Qaddish after Burial") and warning, and for 11 months after the death of a close relative. When the mention is made of "telling Kaddish", this obviously refers to the ritual of mourning. The mourners say Kaddish shows that even though they are defeated, they still praise the Lord.
The opening words of this prayer are inspired by Ezekiel 38:23, a vision of God being great in the eyes of all nations. The central line of the Kaddish in the Jewish tradition was the response of the congregation: ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ( Y? h ?? m? h rabb? m? v? rakh l? lam ul? alm? ?? lmayy? , "May his great name be blessed forever, and for all immortality "), a public statement of God's greatness and eternity. This response is Aramaic translation from Hebrew " ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?" (Blessed is his name, whose noble kingdom is forever), which can be found in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ( ???? ?????? ? ?, Genesis 49: 2 and Deuteronomy 6: 4), and similar to the words of Daniel 2:20.
The Mourners, the Rabbis and the Complete Kaddish end up with the petition for peace ("Oseh Shalom..."), which are in Hebrew, and somewhat similar to Tanakh Job 25: 2.
Along with Shema Yisrael and Amidah, the Kaddish are one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Kaddish can not be read alone. Together with some prayers, it can only be read with minors from ten Jews.
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"The Kaddish came from a concluding doxology for an Aggadic discourse." Most of it is written in Aramaic, which, at the time of its original composition, was the lingua franca of the Jews. It was not compiled in Aramaic, but in "literature, Aramaic jargon" used in the academy, and identical to the Targum dialect.
The oldest version of Kaddish is found at Siddur of Rab Amram Gaon , c. 900. Shira Schoenberg observes that "The first mention of mourners who says that Kaddish at the end of the service is in the 13th century halakhis by Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, Zarua (" Light Sown ".) The Kaddish at the end of the service were designated as Kaddish Yatom or Mourner's Kaddish (literally," Orphan's Kaddish ").
Maps Kaddish
Variant form
Kaddish versions are:
- ? a? i Qaddish ( ???? ) or Qaddish L? - "Literally" Half Kadhish ", sometimes called" Kaddish Reader "
- Qaddish Yatom ( ???? ???? ) or Qaddish Yehe Shlama Rabba ( ???? ??? ???? ??? ) - Literally "Orphan's Kaddish", although often referred to as Qaddish Avelim < b> ( ???? ????? ), "Mourner's Kaddish" Qaddish Shalem ( ???? ??? ) or Qaddish Titkabbal ( ???? ????? ) Ã, - Literally "Complete Kaddish" or "Whole Kaddish"
- Qaddish de Rabbanan ( ???? ????? ) or Qaddish? al yisra? ( ????????? ) Ã, - Literally "Kaddish of the Rabbis"
- Qaddish a? ar Haqqvura - Literally "Kaddish after a Burial", also called Kaddish d'Ithadata ( ???? ??????? ) is named one of the first to distinguish the words in this variant.
- Qaddish a?
Qaddish de Rabbanan ), also called Qaddish haGadol ( ???? ??? ?? ) "the Great Qaddish", because it is the oldest Kaddish.
All Kaddish versions begin with Hatzi Kaddish (there are additional sections in Kaddish after burial or siyum). Longer versions contain additional paragraphs, and are often named based on the typical words in the paragraph.
The Half Kaddish is used to mark the split in service: for example, before Barechu, between Shema Yisrael and Amidah and following the reading of the Torah. The Kaddish d'Rabbanan is used after every part of the service that includes extracts from Mishnah or Talmud, since the original purpose is to close the learning session. Kaddish Titkabbal initially marks the end of the service, though later the additional section and hymns are added to follow it.
The article Jewish Encyclopedia ' in Kaddish mentions the additional type of Kaddish, called Qaddish Yahid "Individual's Kaddish". This is included in the Siddur of Amram Gaon , but is a meditation that takes Kaddish from a Kaddish in a normal sense.
Text of the Kaddish
The following includes half kaddish, complete, mourning and rabbis. The variant line of kaddish after burial or siyum is given below.
Text kaddish burial
In the funeral cadres, and that after siyum according to Ashkenazim, i , line 2-3 is replaced with:
Recent additions to Oseh Shalom
In some prayer histories, for example, American Reform Machzor, line 36 is replaced by:
This attempt to extend Oseh Shalom's reach to non-Jews is said to have been begun by British Liberal Jewish movement in 1967, with the introduction of Adam and Eve ("and after all children Adam "); these words continue to be used by some people in the UK.
NOTE: The phrase ?? ??? (ben adam) pl. ??? ??? (bnai adam) literally means "son of adam" or "son of man" but in Hebrew use the phrase is defined as "man." The British usage above, then will call peace on all human beings, not on children of children or descendants of Adam.
Note
- The enclosed text varies according to personal or communal traditions.
-
- Before line 16, "accept our prayer with mercy and enjoy"
- Before line 28, "May the name of the Lord be blessed, from now and forever" (Psalms 113: 2)
- Before line 34, "My help comes from God, the creator of heaven and earth" (Psalms 121: 2)
- In line 1, as listed in (a), the congregation responds to "Amen", although this is usually not printed in most prayer books. This long-standing and widespread tradition actually introduces a pause in the verse that can lead to misinterpretations because the phrase "according to his will" will then appear to apply only to "what he created" not to "magnified and purified".
- It is common that the whole congregation read lines 8 and 9 with the leader, and it is also common that the congregation will enter in the collective repetition of the first word of the next line (line 10), Yitbarakh . This is usually considered to be done to prevent interruptions before the next line (which starts with Yitbarakh ) is read by the leader. But the entry of Yitbarakh is not always the case. Maimonides and the Tour did not include it in congregational recitation; Amram Gaon, Vilna Gaon, and Shulchan Aruch include it.
Customs
The Kaddish, as used in worship on special days is sung. There are different melodies in different Jewish traditions and in each tradition the melodies may change according to their version, the day is said and even the position in the service; many mourners recite it slowly and contemplatively.
- Kaddish Shalem Virtual Singer for Mussaf Shabbat
- Hatzi Kaddish from Virtual Cantor to Yom Kippur
In Sephardi synagogue, the whole church sits for Kaddish, except:
- during Kaddish immediately before Amidah, where everyone stands;
- during Mourner's Kaddish, where the person reading is standing and others sitting.
In the Ashkenazi synagogue, his habits vary. Very common, both in the Orthodox and Reform congregations, everyone stands; but in some synagogues (especially many Conservatives and Hasids)), most congregations sit down. Sometimes, differences are made between the various forms of Kaddish, or each stands the congregation or sits according to his own custom. The Mourner's Kaddish is often treated differently from other variations of Kaddish in service, such as Half Kaddish before maftir.
Those who stood up to read the Kaddish arc, with its widespread tradition, in various places. Generally: In the first word of prayer, in every Amin , at Yitbarakh , at Brikh hu , and for the last verse ( Oseh shalom ). For the Oseh shalom it is customary to take three steps back (if possible) then bend to the left of one, then to the right one, and eventually bend forward, as if taking leave from the presence of a king, in the same way as when the same words are used as a closing line from Amidah.
Minyan Requirements
Masekhet Soferim , the compilation of Jewish law in the eighth century on the preparation of scripture and public reading, states (Chapter 10: 7) that Kaddish can be read only in the presence of minyan (at least 10 men). While the traditional view is that "if kaddish is said personally, then by definition it is not kaddish," some alternatives have been suggested, including Kaddish L'yachid ("Kaddish for an individual"), attributed to the ninth century Gaon Amram Sheshna bar, and the use of cavanic prayer, asks celestial beings to join the individual "to make minyan from Earth and heaven".
Mourner's Kaddish
"Mourner's Kaddish" is said at all other prayer services and special occasions. It was written in Aramaic. It takes the form of Kaddish Yehe Shelama Rabba , and is traditionally recited several times, most clearly at or near the end of the service, after Aleinu and/or closing the Psalms and/or (on the Sabbath) Ani'im Zemirot. After the death of the parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Missionary Kaddish before the court every day for thirty days, or eleven months in the case of the parents, and then on every memorial of death. The "mourner" who says Kaddish will be anyone present at the service who has an obligation to read Kaddish in accordance with these rules.
Customs to read Kaddish the Mourner is very different among the various communities. In the Sephardi synagogue, the habit is that all mourners stand and chant Kaddish together. In the Ashkenazi synagogues, the previous habit was that a mourning person was chosen to lead a prayer on behalf of others, although most of the congregations have now adopted Sephardi's custom. In many of the Reformation synagogues, the whole congregation read Kaddish the priest together. This is sometimes said to the Holocaust victims who have no one left to read Kaddish the Mourner on their behalf. In some congregations (especially the Reformation and Conservatives), the Rabbi will read the list of the dead who had Yahrzeit on that day (or who died in the last month), and then ask the congregation to name whomever they mourn for. Some synagogues try to double the number of Mourner's Kaddish, for example, reading separate Kirtish Mourner after Aleinu and then closing each Psalm. Other synagogues confine themselves to a Mourner's Kaddish at the end of the service.
Saying Kaddish the Missionaries was largely forbidden to Orthodox Jewish women, but is now becoming more common. In 2013 the Israeli Orthodox rabbinic organization Beit Hillel issued a halachic ruling that allowed women, for the first time, to say Kaddish in memory of their deceased parents.
It is important to note that Mourner's Kaddish did not mention death at all, but instead praised God. Although Kaddish people are often popularly referred to as "The Prayer of the Jews for the Dead," the title is more appropriate for a prayer called "El Malei Rachamim", which specifically prays for the soul of the deceased.
Use of Kaddish in art
The Kaddish have become common themes and reference points in art, including the following:
In the literature and publications
(According to the author alphabet)
- In Shai Afsai's story "The Kaddish," a touching short story that can happen in almost every town with a small Jewish community, a group of elderly men trying to form minyan to recite the Kaddish face the difference between the denominations of Judaism.
- Kaddish is a poem, divided into 21 sections and nearly 700 pages, by the German poet Paul BÃÆ'¶hmer. The first ten parts appeared in 2002, the remaining eleven in 2007. It celebrates the world, through grieving over its destruction.
- Kaddish in Dublin (1990) a criminal novel by John Brady in which an Irish Jew is involved with a plan to overthrow the Irish government.
- In Nathan Englander's novel during the Dirty War in Argentina, the Special Case Ministry, the protagonist is an Argentine Jew named Kaddish.
- In the Torch Song Trilogy (1982), written by Harvey Fierstein, the main character of Arnold Beckoff says Mourner's Kaddish for his murdered lover Alan is deeply worried about his mother.
- In the Frederick Forsyth novel The Odessa File, a Jew who committed suicide in the 1960s, a German request in his diary/suicide that someone told Kaddish to him in Israel. At the end of the novel, the Mossad agent involved in the plot, who owns the diary, fulfilled the dead man's wishes.
- Kaddish is one of the most famous poems by poet beat Allen Ginsberg. It appears in Kaddish and Other Poems , a collection he published in 1961. The poem was dedicated to his mother, Naomi Ginsberg (1894-1956).
- Kaddish (book), novel by Yehiel De-Nur
- Kaddish for Unborn Children is a novel by Hungarian Nobel Prize Laureate Imre KertÃÆ'Â © sz.
- "Who Will Say Kaddish ?: Searching for Jewish Identity in Contemporary Poland," text by Larry N Mayer with photographs by Gary Gelb (Syracuse University Press, 2002)
- In the strip comic strip of Rolrats on Nickolodeon on September 20, 1998, Grandfather Boris's character read Kaddish the priest in the synagogue. This particular strip caused controversy with the Anti-Pollution League.
- Kaddish Mystery. Rav "DovBer Pinson". Explains and explores Kabbalistic meaning and deeper than Kaddish.
- In Philip Roth's novel The Human Stain , the narrator states that Mourner's Kaddish signifies that "a Jew is dead Another Jew is dead As if death is not a consequence of life, but the consequence has become a Jew. "
- Zadie Smith's novel, The Autograph Man , revolves around Alex-Li Tandem, a dealer in the signature memorabilia whose father Yahrzeit approaches. This novel epilogue shows the scene where Alex-Li recites Kaddish with minyan.
- Some references to Mourner's Kaddish are made in Night by Elie Wiesel. Although the prayer was never directly said, the reference to it was general, including for the times when it was usually read out, but omitted.
- Leon Wieseltier's Kaddish (1998) is a long hybrid book of memoirs, history, historiography and philosophical reflection, all centering on the mourners of Kaddish.
In music
(Alphabetically by creator)
- Kaddish is the name Symphony No. 3 Leonard Bernstein's works, dramatic works for orchestras, mixed choirs, boys choir, speakers, and soprano singers dedicated to commemorating John F Kennedy who were killed on November 22, 1963, just weeks before the first show of this symphony. Symphony centered on the Kaddish text.
- Kaddish is pronounced in Part V of Hakodesh Avodath (Holy Service) by composer Ernest Bloch (1933).
- Kaddish is a work for cello and orchestra by David Diamond.
- Kaddish is the title for a work by W. Francis McBeth for a concert band, based on the singing of prayer. McBeth compiled this work as a memorial to his teacher J. Clifton Williams.
- Kaddish is a track by Gina X Performance
- French composer Maurice Ravel composed the song (piano and violin) using parts of the Kaddish. It was commissioned in 1914 by Alvina Alvi as part of a set of two songs: "Deux mÃÆ'Â © lodies hÃÆ'Â © braÃÆ'¯ques" and was first performed in June 1914 by Alvi with Ravel on the piano. Deux mÃÆ' Â © lodies hÃÆ' Â © braÃÆ'¯ques Kaddish Shalem is a musical work by Salamone Rossi (1570-c.Ã, 1628), composed for five voices in homophonic style, the first polyphonic setting of this text, in his book "Hashirim Asher" L 'Shomo', Song of Songs.
- Inspired by Kaddish is a fifteen-musical motion composition by Lawrence Siegel. One of his movements is prayer itself; the remaining fourteen are stories about the experiences of some Holocaust victims interviewed by Lawrence. It debuted by Keene State College Chamber Singers in 2008.
- Mieczys? aw Weinberg's Symphony No. 21 is the "Kaddish" subtitle. The symphony, compiled in 1991, is dedicated to the Holocaust victims of the Warsaw Ghetto.
- The concept album Kaddish (1993) was created by Richard Wolfson (musician) with Andy Saunders using the band name Towering Inferno.
Online
- Mira Z. Amiras and Erin L. Vang have made Kaddish the starting point for a year-long collaboration, "Kaddish in Two-Part Harmony", composed of co-written blogs and Lev Kogan daily podcasts " Kaddish "for solo horns.
Screen, in movie
(Chronology)
- In the 1973 film Les aventures de Rabbi Jacob ( Crazy Rabbi Jacob Adventure ), pronounced at the end of the Bar-Mitzvah service.
- In the movie The Passover Plot (1976), the risen Jesus eventually died and mourned with the reading of the Kaddish by a disciple. In the 1980s movie The Jazz Singer Neil Diamond, character Randiovitch (Laurence Olivier) said Kaddish temporarily did not admit his son. Kaddish helps generate the power needed to generate emotional loss.
- In Rocky III (1982), Rocky Balboa read Mourner's Kaddish for Mickey.
- In Torch Trilogy (1982), Arnold says the Mourner's Thrush for his beloved girlfriend, David, and Arnold's mother are very protesting.
- In the movie Yentl (1983), at Yentl's father's funeral, the rabbi asked who would say Kaddish (Kaddish is traditionally said by a son). Yentl replied that he would and, in the horrors of those who gathered, grabbed the siddur and began to say Kaddish.
- Film Tell Kaddish (1999) by Dan Frazer
- The Kaddish is read in the movie Schindler's List (1993), in the final scene at the factory.
Screen, on television
(Alphabet based on program title) In the television series Toot Braunstein read Kaddish the Mourner in the episode of "Special Special Drawing Special Afterschool", after saying that his son (metaphorically) died.
On stage, in dance, theater and musical
- In the drama of Tony Kushner Angels in America (and the next TV miniseries), the characters Louis Ironson and Ethel Rosenberg say Kaddish over Roy Cohn's dead body. Louis, a non-practicing Jew, erroneously identifies that Kaddish is written in Hebrew.
- Kaddish is a female dance solo that was choreographed by Anna Sokolow to music by Maurice Ravel.
- The Mourner's Kaddish can be heard read by Collins and Roger during the song "La Vie Boheme" in Rent music.
See also
- Misery in Judaism
References
- Notes
- References Cyrus Adler, et al. "Kaddish". Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906. p. 401-403.
External links
- Jewish Virtual Library - Jewish Prayer: The Mourner's Kaddish
- Neirot Foundation: The Importance of Kaddish
- myKaddish.com
- The Kaddish Foundation: A nonprofit who reads Kaddish every day for eleven months after the death of a Jewish relative, a loved one or a friend.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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