Stephen Grover Cleveland (18 March 1837 - June 24, 1908) is an American politician and lawyer who is the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, the only president in American history serving two non- consecutive terms in the office (1885-1889 and 1893-1897). He won popular votes for three presidential elections - in 1884, 1888, and 1892 - and was one of two Democrats (with Woodrow Wilson) to be elected president during the era of Republican political domination from 1861 to 1933.
Cleveland is a pro-business leader of Bourbon Democrats who opposes high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism, and subsidies to businesses, farmers, or veterans on libertarian philosophical grounds. His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for conservative Americans of that era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. He fought against political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer, Cleveland had a high prestige so that the same-minded Republican wing, called "Mugwumps," massively staged Republican presidential tickets and swung his support in the 1884 election.
When the second government began, disaster struck the country when Panic of 1893 resulted in a severe national depression, which can not be reversed by Cleveland. It destroyed its Democratic Party, paved the way for the Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silver plunder of the Democratic Party in 1896. The result was a political rearrangement that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth and Progressive Party System of Era.
Cleveland is a formidable policymaker, and he also draws appropriate criticism. His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads on the move to infuriate union across the country other than a party in Illinois; its support for the gold standard and opposition to Free Silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party. Critics complain that Cleveland has little imagination and looks overwhelmed by the nation's economic disaster - depression and strikes - in its second term. Even so, his reputation for honesty and good character survived the problems of his second term. Biography of Allan Nevins writes, "[n] Grover Cleveland, greatness lies in characteristic rather than unusual qualities.He has no waqf not possessed by thousands of people.He has honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. he possessed them to a certain extent that no other man had. "At the end of his second term, public perception showed him as one of the most unpopular US presidents, and was later rejected by most Democrats. Today, Cleveland is considered by most historians as successful leaders, generally located among the upper middle levels of the American president.
Video Grover Cleveland
Initial life
Your childhood and family history
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey, to Ann (nà © Å © e Neal) and Richard Falley Cleveland. The Cleveland father was a Congregation and Presbyterian clergyman from Connecticut. Her mother is from Baltimore and is the daughter of a bookseller. On the side of his father, Cleveland is a descendant of an English ancestor, the first family to emigrate to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. His father's father, Richard Falley Jr., fought at Battle of Bunker Hill, and became his son. an immigrant from Guernsey. On the side of his mother, Cleveland is a descendant of the Anglo-Irish Protestant and German Quaker of Philadelphia. Cleveland is remotely associated with General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named.
Cleveland, the fifth child of nine brothers, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first priest of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, where his father was pastor at the time. He is known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where Grover spent most of his childhood. The neighbors then described it as "full of fun and prank to play," and liked the outdoor sport.
In 1850, Cleveland's father moved to Clinton, Oneida County, New York, to work as district secretary for the American Home Missionary Society. Despite his father's dedication to his missionary work, his income was not enough for the extended family. Financial conditions forced him to move Grover from school into a two-year trade apprenticeship in Fayetteville. The experience is precious and brief, and the living conditions are quite harsh. Grover returned to Clinton and his school on completion of an apprenticeship contract. In 1853, when missionary work began to endanger his health, the Cleveland father took up duties in Holland Patent, New York (near Utica) and the family moved again. Shortly after, he died of a gastric ulcer, with Grover supposedly hearing his father's death from a child selling a newspaper.
Education and moving west
Cleveland received his basic education at the Fayetteville Academy and the Clinton Liberal Academy. After his father died in 1853, he again left school to help support his family. Later that year, Cleveland's brother William was employed as a teacher at the New York Institute for the Blind in New York City, and William gained a place for Cleveland as a teaching assistant. He returned to the Dutch Patent in late 1854, in which an elder in his church offered to pay for his college education if he promised to become a minister. Cleveland refused, and in 1855 he decided to move west. He stopped first in Buffalo, New York, where his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, gave him a clerical job. Allen is an important person in Buffalo, and he introduced his niece to influential people there, including partners at Rogers, Bowen, and Rogers law firms. Millard Fillmore, the 13th president of the United States, previously worked for the partnership. Cleveland then took office with the firm, began reading the law, and was accepted at the New York bar in 1859.
Early career and Civil War
Cleveland worked for the Rogers company for three years, then left in 1862 to start his own practice. In January 1863, he was appointed assistant district attorney for Erie County. With the American Civil War raging, Congress passed the 1863 Vengeance Act, which required able-bodied people to serve in the army if called, or else to hire a replacement. Cleveland chose the last course, paying $ 150 to George Benninsky, a thirty-two-year-old Polish immigrant, to serve in his place.
As a lawyer, Cleveland is known for his sincere concentration and dedication to work hard. In 1866, he successfully defended several participants in the Fenian attack, working on a pro bono basis (free). In 1868, Cleveland drew professional attention for his winning defense of a libel suit against Buffalo's Commercial Advertisers editor. During this time, Cleveland assumed a simplicity lifestyle, taking up residence in a plain boardinghouse; Cleveland dedicates his growing income instead of the support of his mother and sister. While his personal residence is very tight, Cleveland enjoys an active social life and "easy hospitality for hotels-lobbies and saloons." He avoided the higher Buffalo community circle where his uncle's family was traveling.
Maps Grover Cleveland
Political career in New York
Sheriff of Erie County
From his earliest involvement in politics, Cleveland is in tune with the Democratic Party. He had a decided aversion to Republicans John Fremont and Abraham Lincoln, and head of law firm Rogers was a staunch Democrat. In 1865, he ran for District Attorney, narrowly lost to his friend and roommate, Lyman K. Bass, Republican candidate. In 1870, with the help of Oscar Folsom's friend, Cleveland secured a Democratic nomination for the Sheriff of Erie County, New York. He won the election by a margin of 303 votes and took office on 1 January 1871 at the age of 33. While this new career took him away from legal practice, it was beneficial in other ways: the cost is said to yield up to $ 40,000 (equivalent to $ 800,000 in 2017) time of two years.
The Cleveland service as a sheriff is not exceptional; Rexford biographer Tugwell describes the time in office as a waste for Cleveland politically. Cleveland was aware of corruption in the sheriff's office during his tenure and chose not to deal with it. An important event of his term occurred on September 6, 1872, when Patrick Morrissey was executed, who had been convicted of murdering his mother. As a sheriff, Cleveland is responsible either to personally carry out an execution or pay a $ 10 vice to do the job. Regardless of objections about hanging, Cleveland executes Morrissey himself; he hanged another killer, John Gaffney, on February 14, 1873.
After his term as sheriff ended, Cleveland returned to his legal practice, opening the company with his friends Lyman K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell. Chosen for Congress in 1872, Bass did not spend much time in the company, but Cleveland and Bissell soon climbed to the top of the Buffalo legal community. Until then, Cleveland's political career had been honorable and unreasonable. As Allan Nevins biographer wrote, "There may be no one in this country, on March 4, 1881, who thinks less than a limited, simple, and powerful lawyer from Buffalo that four years later he will stand in Washington and take oath as President of the United States. "
It was during this period that Cleveland began to connect with a widow, Maria Crofts Halpin. He accused her of raping her. She accused him of being an alcoholic and accompanying a man. He has institutionalized and his son was taken and raised by his friends. Unauthorized children became a campaign problem for the GOP in its first presidential campaign.
Buffalo Mayor
In the 1870s, the city government in Buffalo had become increasingly corrupt, with Democratic and Republican political machines working together to share the spoils of political offices. In 1881, the Republicans nominated a row of unfavorable machine politicians; The Democrats saw an opportunity to get votes from dissatisfied Republicans by nominating more candid candidates. The party leaders approached Cleveland, and he agreed to run for the mayor of Buffalo, provided that the rest of the tickets fit his wishes. When more prominent politicians were left out of Democratic tickets, Cleveland received nominations. Cleveland was elected mayor of 15,120 votes, compared to 11,528 for Milton C. Beebe, his opponent. He took office 2nd January 1882.
The Cleveland term as mayor was spent fighting for the party machine's interests. Among the acts that uphold his reputation is the veto of a road-cleaning bill passed by the General Council. The road clearing contract is open for bids, and the Board selects the highest bidder at $ 422,000, not the lowest of the $ 100,000 less, due to the political connection of the bidder. While this sort of bipartisan corruption had previously been tolerated in Buffalo, the Mayor of Cleveland would not have it. His veto message says, "I consider it the culmination of the most innocent, insolent, and shameless scheme to betray the interests of the people, and worse than wasting public money." The Council reverses itself and hands over the contract to the lowest bidder. Cleveland also called on the state legislature to form a Commission to develop plans to improve the sewer system in Buffalo at a much lower cost than previously proposed locally; this plan was successfully adopted. For this, and other actions that protect public funds, Cleveland's reputation as a leader willing to clean up government corruption is beginning to spread beyond Erie County.
New York Governor
New York Democratic Party officials began to consider Cleveland as a possible candidate for governor. Daniel Manning, the party insider who admired Cleveland's record, played a major role in his candidacy. With the division within the Republican party of the country in 1882, the Democrats were considered to be profitable; there are some competitors for the party's nomination. The two main Democratic Party candidates are Roswell P. Flower and Henry W. Slocum. Their factions are deadlocked, and the convention can not approve the candidate. Cleveland, in third place at the first vote, took support in the next vote and emerged as a compromise choice. Republicans remained divided against themselves, and in Cleveland elections emerged victorious, with 535,318 votes for Republican candidate Charles J. Folger 342.464. Cleveland's victory margin, at the time, was the largest in contested New York elections; The Democrats also took seats in both houses in New York State Legislature.
Cleveland brought his opposition to unnecessary spending to the governor's office; He immediately sent eight legislative vetoes in his first two months at the office. The first to attract attention is the veto of a bill to reduce the cost on the New York City train to five cents. The bill has widespread support because rail owner Jay Gould is unpopular, and his fare is widely criticized. Cleveland, however, saw the bill was unfair - Gould had taken over the railroad when they failed and had made the system more solvent. In addition, Cleveland believes that changing the Gould franchise will violate the federal Constitution Contract Clause. Despite the initial popularity of the tariff reduction bill, the newspaper praised Cleveland's veto. Theodore Roosevelt, who was then a member of the Assembly, had reluctantly cast a vote for a bill against which Cleveland challenged, with a desire to punish the immoral railroad kings. After the veto, Roosevelt reversed himself, as did many legislators, and the veto was defended.
Cleveland's opposition to political corruption earned him popular recognition, and hostility from the influential Tammany Hall organization in New York City. Tammany, under his superior, John Kelly, did not approve of Cleveland's nomination as governor, and their resistance increased after Cleveland publicly opposed and prevented the re-election of their key person in the State Senate, Thomas F. Grady. Cleveland also vigorously opposed the Tammanyites nominations, as well as the bill passed as a result of their deal. The loss of Tammany's support was offset by the support of Theodore Roosevelt and other reform-minded Republicans who helped Cleveland to pass some laws reforming the municipality.
Selection 1884
Nominations for president
Republicans gathered in Chicago and nominated former House Speaker James G. Blaine of Maine for president at the fourth vote. Blaine's nomination alienates many Republicans who view Blaine as ambitious and immoral. The standard GOP carrier is attenuated by alienating Mugwumps, and the Conkling faction, recently repealed by President Arthur. Democratic party leaders see Republican election as an opportunity to win the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate can be found.
Among the Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden was the early front-runner, having been a party candidate in the contested election in 1876. After Tilden refused the nomination for his poor health, his supporters shifted to several other competitors. Cleveland was one of the leaders in early support, and Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware, Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, Samuel Freeman Miller of Iowa, and Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts also had many followers, along with various beloved sons. Each of the other candidates had an obstacle to his nomination: Bayard had spoken on the grounds of secession in 1861, making it unacceptable to the North; Butler, on the contrary, was ridiculed throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War; Thurman is generally favored, but getting older and weaker, and his views on silver questions are uncertain. Cleveland, too, has critics - Tammany remains against it - but the nature of his enemies keeps him more friends. Cleveland led the first vote, with 392 votes from 820. In the second vote, Tammany threw his support behind Butler, but the rest of the delegation shifted to Cleveland, who won. Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana was chosen as his partner.
Campaign against Blaine
Corruption in politics was a central issue in 1884; indeed, Blaine during her career span was involved in some questionable transactions. Cleveland's reputation as an opponent of corruption proves to be the strongest asset of the Democratic Party. William C. Hudson created the Cleveland contextual campaign slogan "A public office is a public trust." Republican-minded Republicans called "Mugwumps" denounced Blaine as corrupt and flocked to Cleveland. The Mugwumps, including the likes of Carl Schurz and Henry Ward Beecher, are more concerned with morality than with the party, and feel that Cleveland is the same soul that will promote civil service reform and strive for efficiency in government. At the same time the Democrats have the backing of Mugwump, they lost some blue-collar workers to the Labor-Greenback party, led by former Democrat Benjamin Butler. In general, Cleveland adheres to precedents to minimize campaign travel and making presidential speeches; Blaine became one of the first to break the tradition.
This campaign focuses on the moral standards of the candidates, because each side throws suspicion on their opponents. Cleveland supporters revisited the long-standing accusations that Blaine had corruptly influenced laws that supported Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad and Union Pacific Railway, then took advantage of the sale of bonds he had in both companies. Although the stories about Blaine's help to the railroads had made the previous eight-year round, this time Blaine's correspondence was found, making earlier denials less plausible. In some of the most destructive correspondences, Blaine wrote "Burn the letter," giving the Democrats the last line for their appeal: "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter!"
Regarding Cleveland, commentator Jeff Jacoby noted that, "Not since George Washington has a presidential candidate so famous for his abominations." But Republicans found a rejection buried in Cleveland's past. Assisted by the sermons of Rev. George H. Ball, a minister from Buffalo, they announced to the public that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child when he was a lawyer there, and their rallies soon included the song "Ma, Ma, at where is my Pa? ". When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland claimed to pay child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who insisted he had fathered his son Oscar Folsom Cleveland and he took responsibility. Shortly before the election of 1884, the Republican media published a written statement from Halpin in which he stated that until he met Cleveland, his "life was pure and clean", and "nothing, and never existed, doubts about the father of our son, and the efforts of Grover Cleveland , or his friends, to pair the name Oscar Folsom, or anyone else, with the boy, for that purpose is only famous and false. "
Electoral votes from New Jersey, New Jersey, Indiana, and Connecticut are up for grabs. In New York, the Democratic Party of Tammany decided that they would get more from supporting an unwelcome Democrat than a Republican who would do nothing for them. Blaine hopes that she will get more support from Irish Americans than the Republicans do. while Ireland was primarily a Democratic constituency in the 19th century, Blaine's mother was an Irish Catholic, and she had supported the Irish National League League when she became Secretary of State. Ireland, a significant group in three states, seems likely to support Blaine until a Republican, Samuel D. Burchard, gave a keynote speech to the Democrats, denouncing them as "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." The Democrats spread the word about Catholic insults this was on the eve of the election. They also blow up Blaine for attending a party with some of the richest men in New York City.
After votes count, Cleveland won almost all four states, including New York with 1,200 votes. While the number of popular votes is imminent, with Cleveland winning only a quarter percent, electoral votes gave Cleveland a 219-182 majority. After the electoral victory, the phrase "Ma, Maà ¢ â,¬â" ¢... got a classic reply: "Go to the White House. Ha! Ha! Ha! "
The first term of office as president (1885-1889)
Reform
Immediately after taking office, Cleveland was faced with the task of filling out all the government jobs for which the president had the power of appointment. These jobs are usually filled under a spoils system, but Cleveland announces that he will not fire any Republicans who do his job well, and will not appoint anyone solely on the basis of party services. He also uses his appointing power to reduce the number of federal employees, as many departments have become bloated with political time servers. Later in his tenure, when his Democratic colleagues were outraged at being expelled from booty, Cleveland began to replace more partisan Republican shareholders with Democrats; this is especially true in policy-making positions. While some of his decisions were influenced by party concerns, more Cleveland appointments were decided by excellence than those of his predecessor government.
Cleveland also reformed other parts of the government. In 1887, he signed an act that created the Interstate Trade Commission. He and Navy Secretary William C. Whitney undertook to modernize the navy and cancel construction contracts that have resulted in lower vessels. Cleveland angered railroad investors by ordering an investigation into the western land they hold with government grants. Interior Secretary Lucius Q.C. Lamar alleges that the road rights to this land should be returned to the public because the railroads failed to expand their line in accordance with the agreement. The land was charred, resulting in a return of about 81,000,000 acres (330,000 km 2 ).
Cleveland is the first Democratic President to be subject to the Tenure of Office Act dating from 1867; the act is intended to require the Senate to approve the dismissal of any presidential candidate who was initially subject to his advice and approval. Cleveland objected to the action in principle and his unwavering refusal to submit to it prompted his fall into dislike and led to the highest abolition in 1887.
Vetoes
Cleveland faces the Republican Senate and often uses his veto power. He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for American Civil War veterans, believing that if their retirement request has been rejected by the Pension Bureau, Congress should not try to overrule the decision. When Congress, pressured by the Republican Great Army, ratified the bill giving a pension for a disability not caused by military service, Cleveland also vetoed it. Cleveland used the veto far more often than any president until then. In 1887, Cleveland issued the most famous veto, the Bill of Texas Seed. After the drought damaged crops in some parts of Texas, Congress provided $ 10,000 to buy grain for the farmers there. Cleveland vetoed the spending. In his veto message, he embraced the theory of limited government:
I can not find a warrant for such devotion in the Constitution, and I do not believe that the powers and obligations of the general government should be broadened to alleviate the suffering of individuals totally unrelated to the public service or its benefits.. The prevalent tendency to ignore this limited mission of power and duty should, I think, be firmly enforced, to the end that the lessons must be constantly enforced, even if the people support the government, the government should not support the people. The hospitality and generosity of our countrymen can always be relied upon to alleviate our fellow citizens in misfortune. This has been repeatedly and recently demonstrated. The federal assistance in such cases encourages the expectation of father's concern on the part of the government and undermines the robustness of our national character, while preventing the craze among our people about the sentiments and good behaviors that strengthen the bonds of common brotherhood.
Silver
One of the most tumultuous problems of the 1880s was whether the currency should be supported by gold and silver, or just gold. This issue crosses party lines, with Western Republic and South Democrats joining together in calls for free silver coins, and representatives of both sides in the Northeast holding firm to the gold standard. Because silver is worth less than the equivalent of gold, taxpayers pay their government bills in silver, while international creditors demand payment in gold, resulting in depletion of the nation's gold stock.
The Cleveland Secretary and Finance Minister Daniel Manning stood firm on the gold standard side, and sought to reduce the silver sum demanded by the government for coins under the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. Cleveland failed to appeal to Congress to revoke this law earlier. he was inaugurated. Angry Westerners and the South advocate for cheap money to help their poorer constituents. In response, one of the leading silverites, Richard P. Bland, introduced a law in 1886 that would require the government to deliver an unlimited number of silver coins, inflating the deflating currency. While Bland's bill was defeated, so did the government's favorable bill that would revoke the silver coin terms. The result is a retention of the status quo, and a delay resolution of the Free Silver issue.
Rates
Another controversial financial issue at the time was the tariff of protection. Though not yet a central point in his campaign, Cleveland's opinion on tariffs is that most Democrats: that tariffs should be reduced. Republicans generally favor high rates to protect American industry. America's tariffs have been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariffs brought in so much revenue that the government had a surplus.
In 1886, the bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly lost in the House. The tariff issue was emphasized in Congressional elections that year, and protectionist forces increased their numbers in Congress, but Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform. As the surplus grew, Cleveland and the reformists demanded tariffs for income alone. His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted on the right) highlighted the injustice of taking more money from people than the government needed to pay for its operating costs. Republicans, as well as protectionist northern Democrats like Samuel J. Randall, believe that American industries will fail without high tariffs, and they continue to resist reform efforts. Roger Q. Mills, chairman of the House Committee of Ways and Means, proposed a bill to reduce tariffs from about 47% to about 40%. After significant exertions by Cleveland and its allies, the bill passed the House of Representatives. The Republican Senate failed to reach an agreement with the Democratic House, and the bill died at the conference committee. Tariff disputes remain in the presidential election of 1888.
Foreign policy, 1885-1889
Cleveland is a committed non-interventionist who campaigns against expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote past Nicaraguan government channel agreements, and was generally less than expansionist in foreign relations. The Cleveland State Secretary, Thomas F. Bayard, negotiated with Joseph Chamberlain of the United Kingdom about fishing rights in Canadian waters, and struck a peaceful record, despite opposition from the New England Republican Senator. Cleveland also resigned from the consideration of the Senate of the Berlin Conference agreement that ensures the door is open to US interests in Congo.
Military_policy.2C_1885.E2.80.931889 "> Military policy, 1885-1889
Cleveland's military policy emphasizes self-defense and modernization. In 1885, Cleveland appointed the Castle Council under the Secretary of War William C. Endicott to recommend a new coastal fortification system for the United States. There have been no improvements to the US coastal defense since the late 1870s. The 1886 Council Report recommended a $ 127 million development program at 29 ports and river estuaries, to include new weapons containing torn, mortar and naval mines. Councils and programs are usually called Endicott Boards and Endicott Programs. Most of the Council's recommendations were implemented, and in 1910, 27 sites were maintained by more than 70 forts. Many weapons remained in place until they were disposed of in World War II as they were replaced by new defenses. Endicott also proposed to the Congressional inspection system for military officers. For the Navy, the Cleveland administration pioneered by Navy Minister William Collins Whitney moved toward modernization, although no ship was built that could match the best European warships. Although the completion of four steel-hulled warships beginning under the previous administration was postponed due to corruption investigations and subsequent bankruptcy of their building yard, these ships were completed on time at the shipyard after the investigation was completed. Sixteen additional armored-steel warships were ordered in late 1888; these ships later proved important in the Spanish-American War of 1898, and many were in service in World War I. These ships included "second class warships" Maine and Texas >, designed to adapt modern armored vessels recently acquired by South American countries from Europe, such as the Brazilian warship Riachuelo . Eleven of the protected cruisers (including the famous Olympia), one armored explorer, and one monitor were also ordered, along with the experimental Vesuvius explorers .
Civil rights and immigration
Cleveland, as more and more northerners (and almost all white South people) see Reconstruction as a failed experiment, and are reluctant to use federal powers to enforce the 15th Amendment of the US Constitution, which guarantees the right of votes to African-Americans. Although Cleveland did not appoint American blacks to protect the work, he allowed Frederick Douglass to continue his post as a recorder of deeds in Washington, D.C. and appoint another black man (James Campbell Matthews, a former New York magistrate) to replace Douglass after his resignation. His decision to replace Douglass with a black man was met with anger, but Cleveland claimed to have known Matthews personally.
Although Cleveland has condemned "anger" towards Chinese immigrants, he believes that Chinese immigrants are unwilling to assimilate into white society. Foreign Minister Thomas F. Bayard negotiated an extension of the Chinese Exclusion Law, and Cleveland lobbied Congress to pass the Scott Act, written by Congressman William Lawrence Scott, which prevented the return of Chinese immigrants leaving the United States. Scott's law easily passed both congressional assemblies, and Cleveland signed it into law on October 1, 1888.
Indian Policies
Cleveland views Native Americans as a state ward, saying in his first prime speech that "his guardianship involves, on our part, efforts to improve conditions and enforce their rights." He encouraged the idea of ​​cultural assimilation, encouraging the passage of the Dawes Act, which gave Indians land distribution to individual tribal members, rather than allowing them to continue to be trusted by tribes by the federal government. While the conference of Native leaders supported the action, in practice the majority of Native Americans disagreed with it. Cleveland believes the Dawes Act will lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society. It eventually weakened the tribal government and allowed the Indians to sell the land and save the money.
In the month prior to the inauguration of Cleveland 1885, President Arthur opened four million acres of Winnebago and Crow Creek India land in the Dakota Territory to a white settlement with an executive order. Tens of thousands of settlers gathered on the borders of these lands and prepared to rule them. Cleveland believes Arthur's orders violated treaties with tribes, and canceled them on April 17 of that year, ordering settlers out of the territory. Cleveland sent eighteen Army troop companies to enforce the treaty and ordered General Philip Sheridan, at the time of the US Army Commander General, to investigate the matter.
Marriage and children
Cleveland enters the White House as a bachelor, and his sister Rose Cleveland joins him, to act as host during the first two years of his reign. Unlike previous bachelor presidents, James Buchanan, Cleveland was not long ago a bachelor. In 1885 the daughter of a Cleveland friend, Oscar Folsom, visited her in Washington. Frances Folsom is a student at Wells College. When he returned to school, President Cleveland received his mother's permission to correspond with him, and they soon got engaged to marry. On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the Blue Room at the White House. He is the second president to be married while in office, and has become the only president who gets married at the White House. This marriage is unusual, because Cleveland is the executor of Oscar Folsom's land and has guided Frances's protégé after the death of his father; However, the public is no exception in that match. At 21 years old, Frances Folsom Cleveland is the youngest lady in history, and the public soon warms to her warm beauty and personality.
Clevelands has five children: Ruth (1891-1904), Esther (1893-1980), Marion (1895-1977), Richard (1897-1974), and Francis Grover (1903-1995). Philippa Foot English philosopher is their granddaughter.
Administration and Cabinet
Legal promise
During his first term, Cleveland succeeded in nominating two Supreme Court justices to the United States Supreme Court. First, Lucius Q.C. Lamar, is a former Mississippi Senator who served in the Cleveland Cabinet as Interior Secretary. When William Burnham Woods died, Cleveland nominated Lamar into his seat at the end of 1887. While Lamar was well-liked as a Senator, his ministry under the Confederation two decades earlier led many Republicans to vote against him. Lamar's nomination is confirmed by a narrow margin of 32 to 28.
Supreme Court Justice Morrison Waite died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated Melville Fuller to fill his seat on April 30, 1888. Fuller was accepted. He previously rejected Cleveland's nomination to the Civil Service Commission, preferring his legal practice in Chicago. The Senate Judiciary Committee spent several months examining lesser-known candidates, before the Senate confirmed a 41 to 20 nomination.
Cleveland nominated 41 lesser federal court judges in addition to his four supreme judges. These include two judges to the US circuit court, nine judges to the United States Court of Appeals, and 30 judges to the US district court. Since Cleveland served both before and after Congress wiped out the circuit court for the Court of Appeal, he was one of only two presidents who had appointed judges for both bodies. The other, Benjamin Harrison, was in the office at the time the change was made. Thus, all of Cleveland's appointments to the circuit court were made in his first term, and all his appointments to the Court of Appeals were made in the second.
Selection year 1888 and return to private life
Defeated by Harrison
Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison of Indiana for president and Levi P. Morton from New York for vice president. Cleveland is easily branded back at the Democratic convention in St. Louis. Louis.
After Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks died in 1885, the Democrats voted Allen G. Thurman of Ohio to become the new pair of Cleveland.
Republicans are in the wind in the campaign, as the Cleveland campaign is not well managed by Calvin S. Brice and William H. Barnum, while Harrison has involved more aggressive fundraisers and tactics at Matt Quay and John Wanamaker.
Republicans are campaigning on tariff issues, turning protectionist voters in important industrial nations in the North. Furthermore, the Democratic Party in New York split over the nomination of governor David B. Hill, weakening the support of Cleveland in the swing state. A letter from the British ambassador backing Cleveland caused a scandal that harmed Cleveland's voice in New York.
As in 1884, the elections focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana. But unlike that year, when Cleveland won in all four, in 1888 he only won two, losing his New York state with 14,373 votes. Republicans won Indiana, largely as a result of a fraudulent voting practice known as the Five Block. Cleveland continued his work diligently until the end of the term and began hoping to return to private life.
Private citizen for four years
When Frances Cleveland left the White House, she told a staff member, "Now, Jerry, I want you to take care of all the furniture and decorations at home, because I want to find everything as it is now, when we come back again." When asked when he will return , he replied, "We will be back four years from today." Meanwhile, Clevelands moved to New York City, where Cleveland took the position with law firm Bangs, Stetson, Tracy, and MacVeigh. This affiliate is more than an office sharing arrangement, although it is quite compatible. Cleveland's law practice only generates moderate income, perhaps because Cleveland spends a lot of time in the couple's retirement home, Gray Gables at Buzzard Bay, where fishing becomes his obsession. When they lived in New York, Clevelands' first daughter, Ruth, was born in 1891.
The Harrison government worked with Congress to pass the McKinley Tariff, an aggressive protectionist move and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which raised silver-backed money; this is one of the policies that Cleveland regrets as harmful to the health of the state's finances. At first he refrained from criticizing his successor, but in 1891 Cleveland felt compelled to speak, responding to his concerns in an open letter to a reformist meeting in New York. The "silver letter" thrusting the name of Cleveland back into the spotlight just as the 1892 election approached.
Selection year 1892
Democracy nominations
Cleveland's eternal reputation as chief executive and his recent remarks on monetary matters made him a major contender for the Democratic nomination. His opponent is David B. Hill, Senator for New York. Hill brings together anti-Cleveland elements of the Democrats - silver, protectionist and Tammany Hall - but unable to create a coalition big enough to deny Cleveland's nomination. Despite some despairing maneuvers by Hill, Cleveland was nominated at the first vote at the convention in Chicago. For vice presidents, Democrats chose to balance tickets with Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois, a silver. Although Cleveland troops prefer Isaac P. Gray of Indiana to vice president, they accept favorite conventions. As a supporter of the greenbacks and Free Silver to inflate currencies and ease economic pressure in rural districts, Stevenson balances hard-money tickets, the gold standard led by Cleveland.
Campaign against Harrison
Republicans re-nominated President Harrison, making the election of 1892 rematches one four years earlier. In contrast to the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election, according to the biographer of Cleveland Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and the most credible in the memory of the postwar generation," in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline , is dying of tuberculosis. Harrison does not personally campaign at all. After the death of Caroline Harrison on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all other candidates stopped campaigning, making Election Day a grim and silent event for all countries and candidates.
The issue of tariffs worked for Republican gain in 1888. The legislative revision over the past four years has also made imported goods so expensive that now many voters favor tribal reforms and skeptics of big business. Many Westerners, who traditionally Republican voters, defected to James Weaver, the new Populist Party candidate. Weaver promises Free Silver pensions, a generous veteran, and an eight-hour workday. The Tammany Hall Democrats embraced national tickets, allowing a Democratic party to unite to bring New York. At the end of the campaign, many populists and labor supporters supported Cleveland after the Carnegie Corporation's attempt to break the union during Homestead's strike in Pittsburgh and after a similar conflict between big business and the workforce at Tennessee Coal and Iron Co. The final result was a victory for Cleveland with wide margins in both popular and electoral voices, and it was the third consecutive popular voice plurality in Cleveland.
Second term as president (1893-1897)
Economic panic and silver issues
Shortly after Cleveland's second term began, Panic of 1893 hit the stock market, and he soon faced an acute economic depression. The panic was exacerbated by an acute gold shortage caused by the rise of silver coins, and Cleveland called the Congress into a special session to tackle the issue. The debate about the coin heats up as usual, and the effects of panic have encouraged more moderates to support the abandonment of the coin terms of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Even so, the silverites gathered their followers at a convention in Chicago, and the House was debated for fifteen weeks before going through a big enough difference. In the Senate, the lifting of silver coins is equally controversial. Cleveland, forced against his better judgment to lobby Congress to uproot, convince enough Democrats - and together with the Eastern Republic, they form a 48-37 majority to be revoked. The depletion of Treasury gold reserves continues, to a lesser extent, and the issue of subsequent bonds replenishes gold stocks. At the time of the revocation it appears as a small setback for silver, but marks the beginning of the end of silver as the basis for the American currency.
Tariff reform
After successfully reversing the Harrison government's silver policy, Cleveland sought to reverse the impact of the McKinley tariff. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was introduced by West Virginian Representative William L. Wilson in December 1893. After a long debate, the bill passed the House by a considerable margin. The bill proposes a moderate downward revision in tariffs, especially on raw materials. The income shortage should be paid by a two percent income tax on income above $ 4,000 (US $ 109,000 today).
The bill was subsequently considered in the Senate, where he faced strong opposition from key Democrats led by Arthur Pue Gorman of Maryland, who insisted more protection for their country's industries than Wilson's bills allowed. The bill passed the Senate with over 600 attached amendments that canceled most of the reforms. The Sugar Trust in particular lobbied for the preferred change at the expense of consumers. Cleveland is angered by his final bill, and denounces it as a despicable product of Senate control by business trust and interest. Even so, he believes it is an improvement over McKinley's tariff and allows him to become law without his signature.
Voting Rights
In 1892, Cleveland campaigned against the Pondok bill, which would strengthen voting protection through the appointment of a federal congressional election superintendent over a petition from any district citizen. The Enforcement Act of 1871 has provided detailed federal oversight of the electoral process, from enrollment to refund certification. Cleveland successfully delivered in 1894 the repeal of this law (chapters 25, 28 Stat. 36). Thus the pendulum swings from a stronger effort to protect the voting right of the cancellation of voting rights; this in turn caused a failed attempt to have a federal court protect the voting rights in Giles v. Harris , 189 US 475 (1903), and Giles v. Teasley , 193 US 146 (1904).
Labor riots
The panic of 1893 damaged labor conditions throughout the United States, and the triumph of anti-silver laws exacerbated the atmosphere of Western workers. A group of workers led by Jacob S. Coxey began marching east to Washington, D.C. to protest against Cleveland policy. This group, known as the Coxey Army, is restless in favor of a national road program to provide jobs to workers, and a weakened currency to help farmers pay off their debts. By the time they arrived in Washington, only a few hundred remained, and when they were arrested the next day for walking on the grass of the United States Capitol, the group was scattered. Although the Coxey Army may not be a threat to the government, it denotes the growing discontent in the West with Eastern monetary policy.
Pullman Strike
Pullman Strike has a far greater impact than Coxey's Army. The strike started against the Pullman Company for low wages and twelve hours of work, and the sympathy strike, led by American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs, soon followed. In June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers broke down, paralyzing the national trade. Because railroads carry letters, and because some of the affected lines are on federal curators, Cleveland believes federal solutions are right. Cleveland obtained an order in federal court, and when the strikers refused to obey him, he sent federal troops to Chicago and 20 other railway centers. "If it takes all US soldiers and navies to send postcards in Chicago," he declared, "the card will be delivered." Most governors support Cleveland except Democrat John P. Altgeld of Illinois, who became his fierce enemy in 1896. Leading newspapers from both sides clapped for Cleveland's actions, but the use of troops hardened organized workers' attitudes toward his government.
Just before the election of 1894, Cleveland was warned by Francis Lynde Stetson, an adviser:
- "We are on a very dark night [a] night, except the return of commercial prosperity eases popular discontent with what they believe the Democrat's inability to make laws, and consequently [dissatisfaction] with the Democratic Administration anywhere and everywhere. "
The warning is correct, because in Congressional elections, Republicans won their biggest landslide in decades, taking full control of the House, while the populists lost most of their support. Cleveland's factional foes rule the Democratic Party in state by state, including full control in Illinois and Michigan, and make huge gains in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and other states. Wisconsin and Massachusetts are two of the few countries that remain under the control of the Cleveland ally. The Democratic opposition almost controlled two-thirds of the vote at the 1896 national convention, which they needed to nominate their own candidates. They failed because of the lack of national unity and leaders, because Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld had been born in Germany and was not eligible to be nominated as president.
Foreign policy, 1893-1897
When Cleveland took office, he faced the Hawaiian annexation problem. In his first term, he had supported free trade with Hawai'i and accepted an amendment that gave the United States a coaling and naval station in Pearl Harbor. For four years, Honolulu businessmen of European and American descent denounced Queen Liliuokalani as a tyrant who rejected constitutional rule. In early 1893 they ousted him, established a republican government under Sanford B. Dole, and sought to join the United States. The Harrison administration quickly agreed with a new government representative on an annexation agreement and handed it to the Senate for approval. Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the agreement from the Senate and sent former Congressman James Henderson Blount to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there.
Cleveland agrees with Blount's report, which finds its people opposed to the annexation. Liliuokalani initially refused to grant amnesty as a condition of his recovery, saying that he would execute or drive the current government in Honolulu, but the Dole government refused to take their positions. In December of 1893, the issue was still unresolved, and Cleveland referred to the matter to Congress. In his message to Congress, Cleveland rejected the idea of ​​annexation and encouraged Congress to continue the American non-interventionist tradition (see quote on the right). The Senate, under the control of the Democrats but against Cleveland, commissioned and produced the Morgan Report, as opposed to Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair. Cleveland rejected all talks to return the Queen, and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new Republic of Hawaii.
Closer to home, Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine which not only banned the new European colonies but also declared the American national interest in the matter of substance in the hemisphere. When Britain and Venezuela disagreed over the line between Venezuela and the Guyanese colony, Cleveland and Foreign Minister Richard Olney protested. British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury and British ambassador to Washington, Julian Pauncefote, misjudged the importance of successful dispute resolution for the American government, after extending the crisis before finally accepting the American request for arbitration. A court was held in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 handed over most of the disputed territory to the British Guiana. But by standing with the Latin American country against colonial power encroachment, Cleveland improved ties with the southern neighbors of the United States, and at the same time, the friendly way in which negotiations were made was also made for good relations with Britain.
Military_policy.2C_1893.E2.80.931897 ">
Military policy, 1893-1897The second Cleveland government committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of the navy capable of offensive action. Construction continues on Endicott's program of coastal fortifications beginning under Cleveland's first administration. The adoption of the Krag-JÃÆ'¸rgensen rifle, the first US-controlled army rifle, was completed. In 1895-96 Naval Secretary Hilary A. Herbert, having recently adopted an aggressive naval strategy advocated by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, successfully proposed ordering five warships ( Kearsarge and Illinois class) and sixteen torpedo boats. The completion of these ships nearly doubled the Navy's warships and created a new torpedo boat power, which previously had only two boats. Warships and seven torpedo boats were not completed until 1899-1901, after the Spanish-American War.
Cancer
In the midst of the struggle to revoke the Silver Free coin in 1893, Cleveland asked the White House doctor for advice, Dr. O'Reilly, about the pain in the roof of his mouth and the crater edge ulcer as with the granulated surface. on the left side of Cleveland's hard palate. The tumor sample was sent anonymously to the Army Medical Museum. The diagnosis is not a malignant cancer, but rather an epithelioma .
Cleveland decided to conduct the operation secretly, to avoid further panic that could aggravate the financial depression. The surgery occurred on July 1, to give Cleveland time to recover fully in time for the upcoming Congress session. Under the guise of a vacation cruise, Cleveland and his surgeon, Dr. Joseph Bryant, left for New York. The surgeons operated the ship Oneida, a yacht owned by a friend of Cleveland E. C. Benedict, while sailing from Long Island. Surgery is done through the President's mouth, to avoid scars or other signs of surgery. The team, calming Cleveland with nitrous oxide and ether, managed to lift up the upper left jaw parts and hard palate. The size of the tumor and the extent of the operation make Cleveland's mouth damaged. During another operation, Cleveland was equipped with a hard rubber dental prosthesis that improved his speech and restored his appearance. A cover story about the disappearance of two bad teeth made the suspicious press calm. Even when a newspaper report appeared giving details about the actual operation, the participating surgeons discounted the severity of what happened during the Cleveland vacation. In 1917, one of the surgeons was present at Oneida , Dr. William W. Keen, wrote an article detailing the operation.
Cleveland enjoyed life many years after the tumor was removed, and there was some debate as to whether it was really fierce. Some doctors, including Dr. Keen, stated after Cleveland's death that the tumor was a carcinoma. Other suggestions include ameloblastoma or benign salivary gout tumor (also known as pleomorphic adenoma). In the 1980s, specimen analysis eventually confirmed the tumor to be a veritable carcinoma, low grade epithelial cancer with low potential for metastasis.
Administration and cabinet
Legal promise
Cleveland's trouble with the Senate hampered his candidacy to the Supreme Court in his second term. In 1893, after Samuel Blatchford's death, Cleveland nominated William B. Hornblower to Court. Hornblower, head of the New York City law firm, is considered the person appointed, but his campaign against a New York machine politician has made Senator David B. Hill his enemy. Furthermore, Cleveland did not consult with the Senator before appointing the appointed, leaving many who have opposed Cleveland for other reasons even more disadvantaged. The Senate rejected the Hornblower nomination on January 15, 1894, with 30 to 24 votes.
Cleveland continued to defy the Senate by appointing Wheeler Hazard Peckham, another New York lawyer who opposed Hill's engine in the state. Hill used all of his influence to block Peckham's confirmation, and on February 16, 1894, the Senate rejected the nomination with a 32 to 41 vote. The reformists urged Cleveland to continue the war against Hill and nominate Frederic R. Coudert, but Cleveland agreed with an inoffensive option, Edward Douglass White of Louisiana, whose nomination was unanimously accepted. Then, in 1896, another vacancy in the Court caused Cleveland to consider the Hornblower again, but he refused to be nominated. In contrast, Cleveland nominated Rufus Wheeler Peckham, brother of Wheeler Hazard Peckham, and the Senate confirmed the second Peckham easily.
Country accepted in Union
No new countries were accepted in the Union during the first period of Cleveland. On February 22, 1889, 10 days before leaving office, the 50th Congress passed the Enactment Act of 1889, authorizing North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington to form a state government and to gain recognition to the Union. All four officially became states in November 1889, during the first year of Benjamin Harrison's reign. During his second term, the 53rd United States Congress passed the Enabling Act allowing Utah to file statehood. Cleveland signed on July 16, 1894. Utah joined the Union as the 45th state on January 4, 1896.
1896 election and retirement
The agrarian and silver enemies of Cleveland occupied the Democratic Party in 1896, rejected his administration and gold standard, and nominated William Jennings Bryan on the Silver Platform. Cleveland secretly supports third party tickets from the Golden Democrats who pledge to maintain the gold standard, limit the government and oppose high tariffs, but he rejects their nomination for a third term. The party won only 100,000 votes in the general election, and William McKinley, a Republican nominee, easily won over Bryan. Agrarian nominated Bryan again in 1900. In 1904, the conservatives, with the support of Cleveland, regained control of the Democratic Party and nominated Alton B. Parker.
After leaving the White House on March 4, 1897, Cleveland lived in retirement on his property, Westland Mansion, in Princeton, New Jersey. For a while he became guardian of Princeton University, and was one of the majority of guardians who preferred Dean West's plans for Graduate School and undergraduate living above Woodrow Wilson, who at the time was university president. Cleveland consulted occasionally with President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), but was financially unable to accept the chairman of the commission handling the Coal Attack of 1902. Cleveland still made his views known in political matters. In a 1905 article in The Ladies Home Journal, Cleveland weighed on the right to vote movement
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments