Intel Corporation (styled as intel ) is a multinational corporation and an American technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in Silicon Valley. It is the second largest and second largest semiconductor chip maker in the world based on revenue after being taken over by Samsung, and is the inventor of the x86 microprocessor series, the processor found in most personal computers (PCs). Intel supplies processors to computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel also manufactures motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing.
Intel Corporation was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore (of Moore's law), and is widely related to the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. The company's name is conceived as a portmanteau of the words ixed and echelon, with Noyce co-founder who has been the principal inventor of integrated circuits (microchips). The fact that "intel" is a term for intelligence information also makes the right name. Intel is the earliest developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, representing most of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of this personal computer (PC) became its core business.
During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in the design of new microprocessors that boosted the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors to PCs and is known for its aggressive and anti-competitive tactics in maintaining its market position, especially against AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), as well as the struggle with Microsoft to control the direction of the PC industry.
The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other open source projects such as Wayland, Mesa3D, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks (TBB), and Xen.
Video Intel
Current operation
Operating segment
- Client Computing Group Ã, - 55% of revenue 2016 - produces hardware components used on desktop and notebook computers.
- Data Center Center Ã, - 29% of revenue 2016 - generates hardware components used on servers, networks and storage platforms.
- Internet Groups Things Ã, - 5% of revenue 2016 - offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industry, building, and home use.
- Non-Volatile Memory Solution Group Ã, - 4% of revenue 2016 - produces NAND and 3D XPoint flash memory, branded as Optane, a product primarily used in solid-state drives.
- Intel Security Group Ã, - 4% of revenue 2016 - generates software, especially security, and antivirus software.
- Programmable Solutions Group Ã, - 3% of revenue 2016 - produces programmable semiconductors (especially FPGAs).
Top customers
In 2016, Dell accounts for about 15% of Intel's total revenue, Lenovo contributes 13% of total revenue, and HP Inc accounts for 11% of total revenue.
According to IDC, while Intel enjoys the largest market share in both worldwide PC microprocessor market as a whole (79.3%) and mobile PC microprocessor (84.4%) in the second quarter of 2011, the number decreased 1.5% and 1.9 % compared to the first quarter of 2011.
In the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten semiconductor sellers (10th in 1987) in the world. In 1992, Intel became the biggest chip maker based on revenue and has held that position ever since. Other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics.
Primary competitors
Competitors in PC chipsets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, and Nvidia. Intel's competitors in the network include NXP Semiconductors, Infineon, Broadcom Limited, Marvell Technology Group and Applied Micro Circuits Corporation, and competitors in flash memory including Spansion, Samsung, Qimonda, Toshiba, STMicroelectronics, and SK Hynix.
The only major competitor in the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with which Intel has had a full cross-licensing agreement since 1976: each partner can use other patented technology innovations at no cost after a certain time. However, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in case of AMD bankruptcy or takeover.
Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low power x86 processors for small factor computers and portable equipment. However, the emergence of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, in recent years led to a decrease in PC sales. Since more than 95% of the world's smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM has become a major competitor to Intel's processor market. ARM also plans to enter the PC and server market.
Intel has been involved in several disputes over violations of antitrust laws, which are listed below.
Maps Intel
Company history
Origins
Intel was founded in Mountain View, California, in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (from "Moore's law" fame), a chemist, and Robert Noyce, a physicist and inventor of an integrated circuit. Arthur Rock (investors and venture capitalists) helps them find investors, while Max Palevsky is on board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce have left Fairchild Semiconductor to set up Intel. Rock is not an employee, but he is an investor and chairman of the board. Total initial investment at Intel is $ 2.5 million in convertible debt and $ 10,000 from Rock. Just 2 years later, Intel became a public company through an initial public offering (IPO), collecting $ 6.8 million ($ 23.50 per share). The third employee of Intel is Andy Grove, a chemical engineer, who then runs the company through the many 1980s and 1990s high growth.
In deciding the name, Moore and Noyce quickly rejected "Moore Noyce", a homophone for "more noise" - a name not suited for electronics companies, since sound in electronics is usually undesirable and usually associated with poor interruptions. Instead, they founded this company as NM Electronics on July 18, 1968, but by the end of the month had changed their name to Intel which represented Int egrated El ectronics. Since "Intel" is already trademarked by the Intelco hotel chain, they must purchase rights to the name.
Initial history
At its founding, Intel is distinguished by its ability to create logic circuits using semiconductor devices. The founder's goal is the semiconductor memory market, widely predicted to replace core-magnetic memory. The first product, a rapid entry into the small high-speed memory market in 1969, was a 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit static random-access memory (SRAM), which is almost twice as fast as previous Schottky diode implementations by Fairchild. and the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. That same year, Intel also produced 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit read-only memory (ROM) and commercial metal first-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) silicon gate SRAM chip, 256-bit 1101. While 1101 is an advance which is significant, the complex static cell structure makes it too slow and expensive for mainframe memory. The three transistor cells that are implemented in the first commercially available commercially available random access memory (DRAM), 1103 released in 1970 solve this problem. 1103 is the world's best-selling semiconductor memory chip in 1972, because it replaces core memory in many applications. Intel's business grew during the 1970s as it expanded and improved the manufacturing process and produced a wider range of products, still dominated by various memory devices.
While Intel created the first commercially available microprocessor (Intel 4004) in 1971 and one of the first microcomputers in 1972, in the early 1980s its business was dominated by dynamic random-access memory chips. However, the increasing competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers, in 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market. The growing success of IBM's personal computer, based on the Intel microprocessor, was one factor that convinced Gordon Moore (CEO since 1975) to shift the company's focus to the microprocessor and change the fundamental aspects of the business model. Moore's decision to chip 386 single-source chips played into the company's continued success. Development of microprocessors by Intel, (1971): Micro processors represent important advances in integrated circuit technology. A micro-processor shrinks the central processing unit of a computer, which then allows small machines to perform calculations that in the past only a very large machine can do. Sufficient technological innovation is needed before the micro-processor can really be the basis of what was first known as a "mini computer" and came to be known as a "personal computer".
In the late 1980s, backed by a profitable position as a microprocessor supplier for IBM and IBM competitors in the rapidly growing personal computer market, Intel began an unprecedented 10-year growth period as a major (and most profitable) hardware supplier for the PC industry , part of the winning 'Wintel' combination. Moore handed over to Andy Grove in 1987. By launching Intel Inside marketing campaigns in 1991, Intel was able to link brand loyalty to consumer selection, so that by the late 1990s, Pentium processor lines had become household names.
Slowing demand and challenges to dominate in 2000
After 2000, demand growth for high-end microprocessors slowed. Competitors, notably AMD (Intel's biggest competitor in the primary x86 architecture market), gained significant market share, initially in low-end and mid-range processors but ultimately in various products, and Intel's dominant position in the core market is greatly reduced. In the early 2000s-then CEO, Craig Barrett attempted to diversify the company's business outside of semiconductors, but some of these activities eventually succeeded.
Litigation
Intel also for several years has been involved in litigation. The US law initially did not recognize the intellectual property rights associated with the microprocessor topology (layout sequence), until the 1984 Semiponductor Chip Protection Act, a law sought by Intel and the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). During the late 1980s and 1990s (after this law was enacted), Intel also sued companies that tried to develop competing chips onto the 80386 CPU. Lawsuits recorded significantly weighed on competition with legal bills, even if Intel lost the lawsuit. Antitrust allegations have been boiling since the early 1990s and have been the cause of a lawsuit against Intel in 1991. In 2004 and 2005, AMD brought further claims against Intel related to unhealthy competition.
Regaining momentum (2005-2007)
In 2005, CEO Paul Otellini reorganized the company to refocus core business processors and chipsets on platforms (companies, digital homes, digital health, and mobility).
In 2006, Intel launched its micron architecture to widespread critical recognition; various products are regarded as a tremendous jump in processor performance which in stroke regains most of its leadership in the field. In 2008, Intel had another "tick" when introducing Penryn microarchitecture, which is 45 nm. Later that year, Intel released a processor with Nehalem architecture. Nehalem got positive reviews.
Sales of XScale processor businesses (2006)
On June 27, 2006, Intel's XScale asset sales were announced. Intel agreed to sell the XScale processor business to Marvell Technology Group with an estimated $ 600 million and unspecified assumption of liability. The move is intended to allow Intel to focus its resources on x86 core businesses and servers, and the acquisition is completed on November 9, 2006.
Acquisitions (2010-present)
In 2010, Intel bought McAfee, a manufacturer of computer security technologies for $ 7.68 billion. As a condition of approval of transaction arrangements, Intel agrees to provide rival security firms with all necessary information that will enable their products to use Intel chips and personal computers. After the acquisition, Intel has about 90,000 employees, including about 12,000 software engineers. In September 2016, Intel sold a majority stake in its computer security unit to TPG, reversing its five-year-old McAfee acquisition.
In August 2010, Intel and Infineon Technologies announced that Intel will acquire Wireless Solutions Infineon business. Intel plans to use Infineon technology on laptops, smartphones, netbooks, tablets and computers embedded in consumer products, eventually integrating its wireless modem into Intel silicon chips.
In March 2011, Intel bought most of SySDSoft's assets based in Cairo.
In July 2011, Intel announced that it has agreed to acquire Fulcrum Microsystems Inc., a company specializing in network switches. The company used to be included in the EE Times list of 60 Emerging Startups.
In October 2011, Intel reached an agreement to acquire Telmap, an Israeli-based navigation software company. The purchase price was not disclosed, but the Israeli media reported a value of about $ 300 million to $ 350 million.
In July 2012, Intel agreed to buy a 10% stake in ASML Holding NV for $ 2.1 billion and another $ 1 billion for 5% of the shares requiring shareholder approval to fund the relevant research and development efforts, as part of EUR3.3 billion ($ 4.1 billion) deal to accelerate the development of 450-millimeter wafer technology and extreme ultra-violet lithography for two years.
In July 2013, Intel confirmed the acquisition of Omek Interactive, an Israeli company that makes technology for gesture-based interfaces, without revealing the monetary value of the deal. An official statement from Intel reads: "The acquisition of Omek Interactive will help enhance Intel's ability to deliver a more immersive perceptual computing experience." One report estimates the acquisition value between US $ 30 million and $ 50 million.
The acquisition of the startup of the Spanish natural language introduction, Indisys announced in September 2013. The terms of the agreement were not disclosed but an email from an Intel representative stated: "Intel has acquired Indisys, a private company based in Seville, Spain.The majority of Indisys employees join Intel. to acquire the company on May 31 and the agreement has been completed. "Indysis explains that its artificial intelligence technology (AI)" is a human image, that speaks fluently and with common sense in multiple languages ​​and also works on multiple platforms.
In December 2014, Intel bought PasswordBox.
In January 2015, Intel bought a 30% stake in Vuzix, a manufacturer of sunglasses. The deal is worth $ 24.8 million.
In February 2015, Intel announced its agreement to purchase German network chip maker Lantiq to help expand the reach of chips on devices with Internet connection capabilities.
In June 2015, Intel announced an agreement to buy Altera FPGA design firm for $ 16.7 billion, in its largest acquisition to date. This acquisition was completed in December 2015.
In October 2015, Intel bought Saffron Technology's cognitive computing company at an undisclosed price.
In August 2016, Intel bought an in-depth learning startup of Nervana Systems for $ 350 million.
In March 2017, Intel announced that it had agreed to buy Mobileye, developer of Israel's "autonomous driving system" for US $ 15.3 billion.
In June 2017, Intel Corporation announced an investment of over Rs.1100 crore ($ 170 million) for the upcoming Research and Development (R & D) center in Bangalore.
Acquisition Table (2010-present)
Expansion (2008-2011)
In 2008, Intel separated key assets from its solar startup business efforts to form an independent company, SpectraWatt Inc. In 2011, SpectraWatt filed for bankruptcy.
In February 2011, Intel began building a new microprocessor manufacturing facility in Chandler, Arizona, completed in 2013 at a cost of $ 5 billion. The building was never used. The company produces three-quarters of its products in the United States, although three-quarters of its revenue comes from abroad.
In April 2011, Intel started a pilot project with ZTE Corporation to manufacture smartphones using Intel Atom processors for China's domestic market.
In December 2011, Intel announced that it reorganized some of its business units into new communications and mobile groups that would be responsible for smartphone, tablet and wireless businesses.
Opening foundry to another manufacturer (2013)
Discovering himself with excess fab capacity after Ultrabook's failure to gain market traction and with declining PC sales, in 2013 Intel reached a foundry agreement to produce chips for Altera using a 14-nm process. General Manager of Intel's specialty casting division, Sunit Rikhi, indicated that Intel will pursue further deals in the future. This after poor Windows 8 hardware sales caused substantial savings for most major semiconductor manufacturers, except for Qualcomm, which continues to see healthy purchases from its biggest customer, Apple.
In July 2013, five companies used Intel technology through the Intel Custom Foundry division: Achronix, Tabula, Netronome, Microsemi, and Panasonic - most are programmable field gate arrays (FPGAs), but Netronome designing network processor. Only Achronix started sending out chips made by Intel using the 22-nm Tri-Gate process. Several other customers were there but not announced at the time.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Intel is part of a coalition of public and private organizations that also include Facebook, Google and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is expanded in developing countries, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help reduce the price of internet access so that they fall under the UN World Broadband Commission target of 5% of monthly income.
Product and market history
SRAMS and microprocessors
Intel's first product is a shift register memory and integrated random access memory circuitry, and Intel grew to become a leader in the highly competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM market throughout the 1970s. Simultaneously, Intel's Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima engineers created Intel's first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace ASICs in a calculator already manufactured by Busicom, Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, although the microprocessor did not become Intel's core business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the discovery of almost simultaneous microprocessors)
From DRAM to microprocessor
In 1983, at the beginning of the personal computer era, Intel's profits were under increasing pressure from Japanese memory chip manufacturers, and then president Andy Grove focused the company on microprocessors. Grove describes this transition in the book Just Paranoid Survive . A key element of his plan is the idea, then considered radical, to be the sole source for the successor of the popular 8086 microprocessor.
Until then, the manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to rely on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically different plants, and discontinued licensing chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the PC industry exploded in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one of the major beneficiaries.
Intel, x86 processor, and IBM PC
Although very important microprocessors, 4004 and its successors, 8008 and 8080 have never been a major revenue contributor at Intel. As the next processor, the 8086 (and its 8088 variant) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for chips dubbed "Operation Destruct", and intended to win as many customers for the processor. One design win was the newly created IBM PC division, although the importance of this was not yet fully realized at the time.
IBM introduced his personal computer in 1981, and it quickly succeeded. In 1982, Intel invented the 80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used on an IBM/AT PC. Compaq, the first PC clone manufacturer "PC", produced a desktop system based on a faster 80286 processor in 1985 and in 1986 was quickly followed by the first 80386 system, defeated IBM and built a competitive market for compatible PC systems and settings up Intel as a key component supplier.
In 1975, the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as Intel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance goals, and failed in the market. Intel expanded the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.
386 microprocessors
During this period, Andrew Grove dramatically diverted the company, closing most of the DRAM business and directing resources to the microprocessor business. Perhaps more important is its decision to "single source" 386 microprocessors. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was still in its infancy, and manufacturing problems often reduced or stopped production, disrupting supplies to customers. To reduce this risk, these customers usually insist that some manufacturers produce chips that they can use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086 series microprocessors are manufactured by several companies, especially AMD, with which Intel has a technology sharing contract. Grove made the decision not to license design 386 to other manufacturers, instead, to produce it in three geographically distinct plants: Santa Clara, California; Hillsboro, Oregon; and Chandler, a suburb of Phoenix, Arizona. He assures customers that this will ensure consistent delivery. In doing so, Intel violated its contract with AMD, which sued and paid millions of dollars in damages but was unable to produce any new Intel CPU designs. (In contrast, AMD began developing and producing its own competing x86 design). When the success of Compaq Deskpro 386 set 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved an almost exclusive position as its supplier. The advantages of rapid development funded by high-performance chip design and high-performance manufacturing capabilities, pushed Intel into an undoubted leadership position in the early 1990s.
486, Pentium, and Itanium
Intel introduced the 486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 formed a second design team, designed the processors codenamed "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committed to a new large processor every two years, compared to four years or more like design had previously been taken. Engineers Vinod Dham and Rajeev Chandrasekhar (Member of Parliament, India) were the main figures in the core team that invented the 486 chip and later, Intel's signature Pentium chip. Project P5 formerly known as "Bicycle Operation," refers to the processor cycle through two parallel execution pipes. P5 was introduced in 1993 as Intel Pentium, replacing registered trademarks for previous part numbers (numbers, such as 486, can not be legally registered as trademarks in the United States). P6 followed in 1995 as Pentium Pro and upgraded to Pentium II in 1997. The new architecture was developed alternately in Santa Clara, California and Hillsboro, Oregon.
The Santa Clara design team started in 1993 on the successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later but was quickly revived in a collaborative program with Hewlett-Packard engineers, although Intel soon took over major design responsibilities. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. Itanium performance runs inherited legacy x86 code, and fails to compete effectively with x86-64, which is an AMD 64-bit extension of the x86 architecture 32-bit (Intel uses the name Intel 64 , formerly EM64T ). In 2012, Intel continues to develop and deploy Itanium; known planning continues into 2014.
The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processor (originally code-named P68), which is marketed as a Pentium 4.
Pentium disabled
In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the floating-point mathematical grains of the Pentium P5 microprocessor. Under certain data-dependent conditions, the low-order bits of the floating-point division result are incorrect. Errors can occur in the next calculation. Intel corrects errors in future chip revisions, and under public pressure it removes a total recall and replaces the defective Pentium CPU (which is limited to some 60, 66, 75, 90, and 100 MHz models) upon customer request.
The bug was discovered independently in October 1994 by Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College. He contacted Intel but received no response. On October 30, he posted a message about his findings on the Internet. Word of the bug spread quickly and reach the industry press. The bug is easy to imitate; a user can enter certain numbers into the calculator on the operating system. As a result, many users do not accept Intel's statement that the error is small and "not even erratum." During Thanksgiving, in 1994, The New York Times starred in a sheet by journalist John Markoff highlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace each chip, quickly deploying a large end-user support organization. This generates $ 475 million in costs against Intel's 1994 revenues. Dr. Nicely later learned that Intel had found the FDIV bug in its own testing a few months before her (but decided not to tell the customer).
The "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage pushed Intel into a technology supplier that is largely unknown to most computer users by household names. Dovetailing with uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, this episode is considered a positive event for Intel, turning some of its business practices into focusing on end users and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding a lasting negative impression..
"Intel Inside" and other campaigns
During this period, Intel conducted two major advertising support campaigns. The first campaign, marketing campaign and branding "Intel Inside" 1991, is widely known and has become synonymous with Intel itself. The idea of ​​"branding materials" was new at the time, with only NutraSweet and a few others making the effort to do so. The campaign was founded by Intel, which has been a supplier of lesser-known components outside the PC industry, as a household name.
The second campaign, Intel Systems Group, which began in the early 1990s, showcased PC motherboards, main board components from personal computers, and in which processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips were plugged in. The Group Campaigns System is less well known than the Intel Inside campaign.
Shortly after, Intel began to create a fully configured "white box" system for dozens of fast-popping PC clones. At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel produced more than 15% of all PCs, making it the third largest supplier at the time.
During the 1990s, Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many hardware innovations for PCs, including PCI Bus, PCI Express bus (PCIe), and Universal Serial Bus (USB). IAL software endeavors meet a wider range of fates; its video and graphics software are important in the development of digital video software, but then its efforts are largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. Competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony at that time IAL Vice President Steven McGeady on a Microsoft antitrust trial ( United v. Microsoft Corp. ).
2018 security hole
In early January 2018, it was reported that all Intel processors made since 1995 (other than Intel Itanium and pre-2013 Intel Atom) have experienced two security flaws dubbed Meltdown and Specter.
The impact on performance resulting from software patches is "workload dependent". Several procedures to help protect home computers and related devices from Specter (and Meltdown) security vulnerabilities have been published. Spectrum patches have been reported to significantly slow down performance, especially on older computers; on the newer 8th generation Core platform, a benchmark performance reduction of 2-14 percent has been measured. Patches that melt can also lead to loss of performance. It is believed that "hundreds of millions" of systems can be affected by this deficiency.
On March 15, 2018, Intel reported that they would redesign the CPU processor (performance loss to be determined) to protect against the Specters security vulnerabilities, and expect to release newly redesigned processors in 2018 later.
On May 3, 2018, eight additional Specter-class defects were reported. Intel reported that they are preparing a new patch to reduce this shortcoming.
Remote Android Keyboard app
Intel has decided not to continue with their recent Intel Remote Keyboard Android app after encountering some security bugs. This app was launched in early 2015 to help users control a single Intel and Intel NUC board computer. The Company has requested Remote Keyboard Users to remove the app at their earliest convenience.
Solid-state drive (SSD)
In 2008, Intel began shipping solid state state hard disk (SSD) with storage capacity up to 160 GB. Like their CPUs, Intel developed SSD chips using a smaller nanometer process. These SSDs use industry standards such as NAND flash, mSATA, PCIe, and NVMe. In 2017, Intel introduced SSD based on XPoint 3D technology with the Optane brand name.
Supercomputer
The Division of Intel Scientific Computers was founded in 1984 by Justin Rattner, to design and produce parallel computers based on an Intel microprocessor connected in an internetwork hypercube topology. In 1992, its name was changed to Intel Supercomputing Systems Division, and iWarp architecture development was also included. This division designs several supercomputer systems, including Intel iPSC/1, iPSC/2, iPSC/860, Paragon and ASCI Red. In November 2014, Intel revealed that it would use light beams to speed up supercomputers.
Mobile Linux Software
In 2007 Intel formed the Moblin project to create an open source Linux operating system for x86-based mobile devices. Following the success of the Google Android platform running exclusively on ARM processors, Intel announced on February 15, 2010 that it will partner with Nokia and combine Moblin with Nokia's Maemo project to create MeeGo. MeeGo is supported by the Linux Foundation.
In February 2011, Nokia abandoned the project after partnering with Microsoft, leaving Intel in sole responsibility of MeeGo. An Intel spokesman said it was "disappointed" with Nokia's decision but Intel is committed to MeeGo. In September 2011 Intel stopped working on MeeGo and partnered with Samsung to create Tizen, a new project organized by the Linux Foundation. Intel has since co-developed the Tizen operating system that runs on several Samsung devices. Competition, competition and antitrust
Two factors combined to end this dominance: the slowdown in PC demand growth began in 2000 and the emergence of low-cost PCs. In the late 1990s, the performance of microprocessors has exceeded the demand of software for CPU power. Aside from high-end server and software systems, whose demand is declining with the end of "dot-com bubble", consumer systems run effectively on less expensive systems after 2000. Intel's strategy produces stronger processors and obsolete their predecessors stumbling, leaving opportunities to get quick profits from competitors, especially AMD. This, in turn, degrades the profitability of the processor and ends an era of PC hardware dominance that Intel has never seen before.
Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market has led to numerous allegations of antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 lawsuit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and patent lawsuits by Intergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time controlling over 85% of the market for 32-bit x86 microprocessors) combined with Intel's hardball law tactics (such as its famous 338 versatility compared to PC manufacturers) made it an attractive target for litigation, but several suits that never amounted to any.
Industrial espionage cases emerged in 1995 involving Intel and AMD. Bill Gaede, an Argentine who previously worked at AMD and at Intel's plant in Arizona, was arrested for trying in 1993 to sell the Pentium i486 and P5 designs for AMD and certain foreign powers. Gaede records data from his computer screen at Intel and sends it to AMD, which immediately alerted Intel and the authorities, resulting in the capture of Gaede. Gaede was convicted and sentenced to 33 months in prison in June 1996.
Use of Intel products by Apple Computer (2005-present)
On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, announced that Apple would be transitioning from PowerPC architecture to the long-term Intel x86 architecture for the future PowerPC road map can not meet the needs of Apple. The first Macintosh computers containing Intel CPUs were announced on January 10, 2006, and Apple has an entire line of consumer Macs running on Intel processors in early August 2006. Apple Xserve Server updated to Intel Xeon processors from November 2006 and is offered in a configuration similar to Apple Mac Pro.
Controversy ad Core 2 Duo (2007)
In July 2007, the company released a print ad for an Intel Core 2 Duo processor featuring six African-American runners appearing to bend to Caucasian men in an office setting (due to posture taken by runners in the initial block). According to Nancy Bhagat, Intel's Vice President of Corporate Marketing, viewers found that the advertisement was "insensitive and insulting", and some Intel executives made a public apology.
Introduction to Classmate PC (2011)
PC Classmate is the company's first cheap netbook computer. In 2014, the company released the latest version of Classmate PC.
Introduction of new mobile processor technology (2011)
In June 2011, Intel introduced the first Pentium cellular processor based on Sandy Bridge core. B940, clocked 2 GHz, faster than any existing or future mobile Celerons, although it is almost identical to the Celeron dual-core CPU in all other aspects. According to IHS iSuppli's report on September 28, 2011, the Sandy Bridge chip has helped Intel increase its market share in the global processor market to 81.8%, while AMD's market share fell to 10.4%.
Intel plans to introduce Medfield - a processor for tablets and smartphones - into the market in 2012, in an effort to compete with ARM. As a 32-nanometer processor, Medfield is designed for energy-efficient, which is one of the core features in the ARM chip.
At the Intel Developer Forum (IDF) 2011 in San Francisco, Intel's partnership with Google was announced. In January 2012, Google Android 2.3 will use Intel Atom microprocessors.
Update to server chip (2011)
In July 2011, Intel announced that its server chip, the Xeon series, will use a new sensor that can improve data center cooling efficiency.
Introduction to Ivy Bridge 22 nm processor (2011)
In 2011, Intel announced the family of Ivy Bridge processors at the Intel Developer Forum. Ivy Bridge supports DDR3 memory and DDR3L chips.
Development of Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM) (2011)
As part of an effort in the Positive Energy Consortium Consortium, Intel has developed an application, called Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM), to help office buildings to be more energy efficient. With this app, employees can get power consumption info for their office machines, so they can find out a better way to save energy in their work environment.
IT Manager Series
Intel has introduced several simulation games, starting in 2009 with IT Manager 3: Unseen Forces web based. In it, players manage corporate IT departments. The goal is to apply the technology and skills to enable the company to grow from a small business to a global company. The game has been discontinued and succeeded in 2012 by the web-based multiplayer game IT Manager: Duels , which is no longer available.
Car Security System (2011)
In 2011, Intel announced that it works on car security systems that connect to smartphones through applications. This app works by streaming video to the cloud service if the car that comes with the system is broken.
High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
Intel also developed High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) to prevent access to digital audio and video content as it traverses connections.
Move from Wintel desktop to open mobile platform (2013-2014)
In 2013, Intel Kirk Skaugen said that Intel's exclusive focus on the Microsoft platform is a thing of the past and that they will now support all "tier-one operating systems" such as Linux, Android, iOS and Chrome.
In 2014, Intel cut thousands of employees in response to "emerging market trends", and offered to subsidize manufacturers for the additional costs involved in using Intel chips on their tablets.
Introduction to Haswell processors (2013)
In June 2013, Intel launched the fourth generation Intel Core (Haswell) processor in an event called Computex in Taipei.
The wearable (2014)
On January 6, 2014, Intel announced that it "works closely with the American Fashion Designers Board, Barney New York, and Opening Ceremonies around wearable technology areas."
Intel developed reference designs for smart, wearable earbuds that provide biometric and fitness information. Smart Intel earbuds provide full stereo audio, and monitor heart rate, while the applications on the user's cell phone track the running distance and calories burned.
CNBC reports that Intel eliminates divisions that work on health-wearable devices by 2017.
Fog computing
On November 19, 2015, Intel, alongside ARM Holdings, Dell, Cisco Systems, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium, to promote interest and development in fog computing. Intel Head of Strategy for Office of Strategy and Technology IoT, Jeff Faders, became the first president of the consortium.
Conflict-free production
In 2009, Intel announced that it plans to make efforts to eliminate sources of conflict - materials derived from mines whose profits are used to finance armed militant groups, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo - from its supply chain. Intel seeks sources of conflict-free noble metals for domestic electronics, using first-party and third-party audit systems, as well as input from Enough Projects and other organizations. During a keynote address at the Consumer Electronics Show 2014, Intel CEO Brian Krzanich announced that the company's microprocessors would be free of conflict. In 2016, Intel stated that it expects its entire supply chain to be conflict-free by the end of the year.
Drive your own car
Intel is one of the largest stakeholders in the self-driving car industry, having joined the race in mid-2017 after joining Mobileye. The company is also one of the first in the sector to examine consumer acceptance, after the AAA report cited a non-acceptance rate of 78% of US technology.
The level of technological security, the thought of releasing control to the engine, and the psychological comfort of passengers in such situations were the main discussion topic at first. The commuters also stated that they did not want to see everything the car did. It mainly refers to the automatic steering wheel without anyone sitting in the driver's seat. Intel also learned that voice control regulators are very important, and the interface between humans and machines eases the discomfort conditions, and brings some sense of control back. It is important to mention that Intel only included 10 people in this study, which made the research less credible. In a video posted on YouTube, Intel accepted this fact and called for further testing.
Company affairs
Leadership and corporate structure
Robert Noyce was CEO of Intel at his founding in 1968, followed by co-founder Gordon Moore in 1975. Andy Grove became company president in 1979 and added a CEO title in 1987 when Moore became chairman. In 1998, Grove replaced Moore as Chairman, and Craig Barrett, president of the company, took over. On May 18, 2005, Barrett handed control of the company to Paul Otellini, who was president of the company and COO and who was responsible for the victory of Intel design on the original IBM PC. The board of directors chose Otellini as President and CEO, and Barrett replaced Grove as Chairman of the Board. Grove resigned as chairman but retained as a special adviser. In May 2009, Barrett resigned as chairman of the Board and was replaced by Jane Shaw. In May 2012, Intel vice president Andy Bryant, who held the CFO (1994) and Chief Administrative Officer (2007) at Intel, replaced Shaw as chief executive.
In November 2012, president and CEO Paul Otellini announced that he would resign in May 2013 at the age of 62, three years before the company's mandatory retirement age. During the six-month transition period, Intel's board of directors began the search process for the next CEO, where he considered both internal managers and external candidates such as Sanjay Jha and Patrick Gelsinger. Financial results revealed that, under Otellini, Intel's revenues increased by 55.8 percent (US $ 34.2 to 53.3 billion), while net income rose 46.7 percent (7.5 billion dollars to 11 billion).
On 2 May 2013, Executive Vice President and COO Brian Krzanich was elected as Intel's sixth CEO, a selection that became effective on May 16, 2013, at the company's annual meeting. Reportedly, the board concluded that insiders could continue with roles and impact faster, without having to study the Intel process, and Krzanich was chosen on that basis. Head of Intel software Renà ©  © e James was elected president of the company, a role that is in second position CEO.
In May 2013, Intel's board of directors consisted of Andy Bryant, John Donahoe, Frank Yeary, Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky, Susan Decker, Reed Hundt, Paul Otellini, James Plummer, David Pottruck and David Yoffie and Creative will.i.am directors. The council was described by former Tom Foremski Financial Times journalist as "a model example of corporate governance of the highest order" and received a top ten from GovernanceMetrics International, a form of recognition given to only twenty-one other councils the whole world.
On June 21, 2018, Intel announced the resignation of Brian Krzanich as CEO, with exposure to the relationship he had with an employee. Bob Swan was named Chief Executive Chief while, while the Board started looking for a permanent CEO.
Ownership
In 2017, Intel's stock was primarily held by institutional investors (Vanguard Group, BlackRock, Capital Group Companies, State Street Corporation, and others)
Jobs
The company is promoting very much from within, especially in its executive suite. The company has resisted the trend toward the outside CEO. Paul Otellini was a 30-year veteran of the company when he took over the role of CEO. All of his top lieutenants have been promoted after years with the firm. In many cases, top Intel executives have spent their entire career working with Intel.
Intel had a mandatory retirement policy for CEOs when they reached the age of 65. Andy Grove retired at age 62, while Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore retired at the age of 58. Grove retired as Chairman and as a board member in 2005 at the age of 68..
The Intel headquarters is located in Santa Clara, California, and the company operates worldwide. The largest labor concentration anywhere in Washington County, Oregon (in the "Silicon Forest" of the Portland metropolitan area), with 18,600 employees in some facilities. Outside the United States, the company has facilities in China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, Israel, Ireland, India, Russia, Argentina and Vietnam, in 63 countries and regions internationally. In the US, Intel employs large numbers of people in California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Utah. In Oregon, Intel is the largest private company in the state. The company is the largest industrial company in New Mexico while in Arizona the company has more than 10,000 employees.
Intel invested heavily in research in China and about 100 researchers - or 10% of Intel's total researcher - are located in Beijing.
In 2011, the Israeli government offered Intel $ 290 million for expansion in the country. As a condition, Intel will employ 1,500 more workers in Kiryat Gat and between 600-1000 workers in the north.
In January 2014, it was reported that Intel would cut about 5,000 jobs out of its workforce by 107,000. The announcement came a day after reporting earnings that missed analysts' targets.
In March 2014, it was reported that Intel would embark on a $ 6 billion plan to expand its activities in Israel. The plan calls for continued investment in existing and new Intel plants until 2030. By 2014 Intel employs 10,000 workers in four development centers and two production plants in Israel.
Diversity
Intel has a Diversity Initiative, including a diversity of employees and supplier diversity programs. Like many companies with a diversity of employees, they belong to groups based on race and nationality as well as sexual and religious identities. In 1994, Intel approved one of the earliest groups of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender employees, and supported a group of Muslim employees, Jewish groups of employees, and Bible-based Christian groups.
Intel received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by Human Rights Campaign in 2002. The Company has maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the company has been named one of the 100 Best Mother-of-Works Companies in the year 2005 by Mother Working Mother .
In January 2015, Intel announced an investment of $ 300 million over the next five years to improve gender and racial diversity in their own companies as well as the overall technology industry.
In February 2016, Intel released Global Diversity & amp; 2015 Annual Inclusion Report. A mix of male-female US employees is reported as 75.2% of men and 24.8% of women. For US employees in technical roles, mixtures were reported as 79.8% of men and 20.1% of women. NPR reports that Intel is facing retention problems (especially for African Americans), not just the pipeline problem.
Economic impacts in Oregon in 2009
In 2011, ECONorthwest undertook an economic impact analysis of Intel's economic contribution to the state of Oregon. The report found that in 2009 "the total economic impacts associated with Intel operations, capital expenditures, contributions and taxes totaled nearly $ 14.6 billion in activity, including $ 4.3 billion in personal income and 59,990 jobs". Through multiplier effects, every 10 jobs Intel supported, on average, were found to create 31 jobs in other sectors of the economy.
School funding in New Mexico in 1997
At Rio Rancho, New Mexico, Intel is a leading company. In 1997, a community partnership between Sandoval County and Intel Corporation funded and built Rio Rancho High School.
Ultrabook Fund (2011)
In 2011, Intel Capital announced a new fund to support startups that work on technologies that align with the company's concept for next generation notebooks. The company set aside $ 300 million to spend over the next three to four years in an area related to ultrabook. Intel announced the ultrabook concept at Computex in 2011. Ultrabook is defined as a thin notebook (less than 0.8 inches ~ cm) that uses Intel processors and also incorporates tablet features like touch screens and long battery life.
At the Intel Developer Forum in 2011, four Taiwan ODMs demonstrated ultrabook prototypes using Intel Ivy Bridge chips. Intel plans to increase chip power consumption for ultrabooks, such as the new Ivy Bridge processor in 2013, which will only have 10W standard thermal design power.
Intel's goal for the Ultrabook price is below $ 1000; However, according to two presidents of Acer and Compaq, this goal will not be achieved if Intel does not lower the price of the chip.
Marketing
Intel Inside
Intel has become one of the most recognizable computer brands in the world after the long running Intel Inside campaign. The idea for "Intel Inside" came out from a meeting between Intel and one of the major computer resellers, MicroAge.
In the late 1980s, Intel's market share was seriously eroded by new competitors such as Advanced Micro Devices (now AMD), Zilog, and others who have begun selling cheaper microprocessors to computer manufacturers. This is because, using a cheaper processor, manufacturers can make cheaper computers and gain more market share in more price sensitive markets. In 1989, Intel Dennis Carter visited MicroAge headquarters in Tempe, Arizona, to meet with MicroAge's Deputy Director of Marketing, Ron Mion. MicroAge has become one of the largest distributors of Compaq, IBM, HP, and others and thus is a prime mover - albeit indirectly - a demand for microprocessors. Intel wants MicroAge to petition its computer suppliers to support Intel chips. However, Mion feels that the market has to decide which processors they want. The Intel argument is that it would be too difficult to educate PC buyers about why an Intel microprocessor is worth paying more for... and they're right. But Mion feels that the public does not need to fully understand why Intel chips are better, they just need to feel them better. So Mion proposed a market test. Intel will pay for a MicroAge billboard somewhere that says, "If you bought a personal computer, make sure it has Intel in it." In turn, MicroAge will install an Intel Inside sticker on Intel-based computers in their stores in the area. In order for the test to be more easily monitored, Mion decided to do a test in Boulder, Colorado, where she owns one shop. Almost overnight, sales of personal computers in the store dramatically switched to Intel-based PCs. Intel quickly adopted "Intel Inside" as a major branding and launched it worldwide.
As is often the case with computer knowledge, other information has been combined to explain how things evolved. "Intel Inside" has not escaped the trend and there are other "explanations" that have been in circulation.
Intel's branding campaign began with the "The Computer Inside" tagline in 1990 in the US and Europe. The Japanese round of Intel proposed the tagline "Intel in it" and started the Japanese campaign by hosting EKI-KON (meaning "Station Concert" in Japanese) at the dome of Tokyo railway station on Christmas Day, December 25, 1990. Several months later , "The Computer Inside" incorporated the Japanese idea into "Intel Inside" which eventually increased to a worldwide branding campaign in 1991, by Intel's marketing manager Dennis Carter. The Inside Intel Inside case study was united by Harvard Business School. The five-tone Jingle was introduced in 1994 and at the tenth anniversary was heard in 130 countries around the world. The initial branding agency for the "Intel Inside" campaign is DahlinSmithWhite Advertising in Salt Lake City. The Intel swirl logo is the work of DahlinSmithWhite art director Steve Grigg under the direction of Intel's president and CEO Andy Grove.
The Intel Inside ad campaign seeks brand loyalty and public brand awareness of Intel processors on consumer computers. Intel pays a fraction of the advertiser's costs for ads using the Intel Inside and xylo-marimba jingle logo.
In 2008, Intel plans to shift Intel Inside campaign emphasis from traditional media such as television and print to newer media such as the Internet. Intel requires that a minimum of 35% of the money given to the company in the co-op program be used for online marketing. Intel 2010 annual financial report shows that $ 1.8 billion (6% of gross margin and nearly 16% of total net profit) is allocated to all advertisements with Intel Inside being a part of it.
Sonic logo
D? D? G? D? A famous? gambang/xylomarimba jingle, sonic logo, tag, mnemonic audio produced by Musikvergnuegen and written by Walter Werzowa, who was a member of the 1980s Austrian sampling band Edelweiss. The sonic Intel logo was recreated in 1999 to coincide with the launch of the Pentium III, and for the second time in 2004 to coincide with a new logo change (though overlapping with the 1999 version and not mainstreamed until the launch of the Core processor in 2006), with unchanged melody. Ads for products featuring Intel processors with leading MMX branding feature jingle versions with embellishments after the final note.
Processor naming strategy
In 2006, Intel expanded its promotions to open-specific platforms beyond Centrino, to include the Viiv media center PC and Intel vPro business desktop.
In mid-January 2006, Intel announced that they dropped the long Pentium name from their processor. The Pentium name was first used to refer to the core Intel core P5 and was done to comply with court decisions that prevented the trademark a series of numbers, so competitors could not just call their processors of the same name, as had been done with previous processors 386 and 486 (both have copies produced by IBM and AMD). They gradually removed the Pentium name from the cellular processor, when the new Yonah chip, branded Core Solo and Core Duo, was released. The desktop processor changes when the Core 2 processor is launched. In 2009, Intel used a better-better-best strategy with Celeron being good, better Pentium, and Intel Core family representing the best companies on offer.
According to spokeswoman Bill Calder, Intel retains only the Celeron brand, the Atom brand for netbooks and the vPro lineup for businesses. Since late 2009, Intel's main processors have been called Celeron, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7, in order of performance from lowest to highest. First-generation core products carry a 3-digit name, such as the i5 750, and a second-generation product carrying a 4-digit name, such as the i5 2500. In both cases, the K at the end of it indicates that it is a processor key, enabling additional overclocking capabilities (eg, 2500K). VPro products will carry the Intel Core i7 vPro or Intel Core i5 vPro processor. In October 2011, Intel began selling the "Sandy Bridge" Core i7-2700K chip to customers around the world.
Since 2010, "Centrino" has only applied to WiMAX technology and Intel Wi-Fi.
0 Comments