A power supply unit (or PSU ) converts AC power into a low voltage DC power set for the internal components of the computer. Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch to select the input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes form factor and voltage tolerance. While ATX power supply is connected to the main supply, always provide voltage 5Ã, Volt (5VSB) voltage so that standby function on certain computers and peripherals are powered. The ATX power supply is switched on and off with signals from the motherboard. They also give signals to the motherboard to show when the DC voltage is in the specification, so the computer can safely turn on and boot. The latest ATX PSU standard is version 2.31 in mid 2008.
Video Power supply unit (computer)
Function
The desktop computer's power supply changes the alternating current from a power outlet to a low-voltage electrical current to operate the processor and peripheral devices. Some direct-current voltage is required, and they must be set with some precision to provide stable computer operation. A power supply rail or rail voltage refers to a single voltage supplied by the power supply unit (PSU). Although the term is commonly used in electronic engineering, many people, especially computer enthusiasts, find it in the context of a personal computer power supply.
First-generation microcomputers and home computer power supply units use heavy step-down transformers and linear power supplies, as used, for example, the Commodore PET was introduced in 1977. Apple II, also introduced in 1977, was noted for its switched-mode power supply , which is lighter and smaller than the equivalent linear power supply it should have, and which has no cooling fan. The switched-mode supply uses a high-frequency ferrite-cored transformer and a power transistor that switches thousands of times per second. By adjusting the switching time of the transistor, the output voltage can be strictly controlled without losing energy as heat in a linear regulator. The development of high-voltage and high-voltage transistors at economical prices makes it practical to introduce switch mode supplies, which have been used in space, mainframes, minicomputers and color televisions, to desktop personal computers. The design of the Apple II by engineer Atari Rod Holt earned the patent, and is at the forefront of modern computer power supply design. Now all modern computers use switched-mode power supplies, which are lighter, cheaper, and more efficient than equivalent linear power supplies.
Computer power supplies may have short circuit protection, overpower protection, overload protection, under voltage protection, overcurrent protection, and overcurrent protection.
The latest power supply has an available standby voltage, to allow most computer systems to shut down. When the computer is turned off but the power supply is still on, it can be started remotely via Wake-on-LAN and Wake-on-ring or locally via Keyboard Power ON (KBPO) if the motherboard supports it. This standby voltage is generated by a smaller power supply inside the unit. Standby resources are a small linear power supply with a conventional transformer, which is then converted into a switching power supply, sharing some components of the main unit due to cost and energy cost requirements.
Power supplies designed for worldwide use are equipped with an input voltage selector switch that allows the user to configure the unit for use on the local power grid. In a lower voltage range, about 115 V, this switch is turned on to convert the rectifier voltage into a voltage doubler in the delon circuit design. As a result, the large main filter capacitor behind the rectifier is broken down into two capacitors connected in series, offset by the wringer resistor and the required varistors in the upper input voltage range, around 230 ° C. Connecting units configured for lower ranges. to a high voltage network usually produces permanent damage directly. When power factor correction (PFC) is required, those filter capacitors are replaced with higher capacity, along with coils mounted in series to delay the current inflow. This is a simple design of passive PFC.
Active PFC is more complex and can achieve higher PF, up to 99%. The first active PFC circuit just slows down the inrush. The newer work as input-and-output input-output converters, provides a single 400V capacitor filter from a remote input source, typically between 80 and 240 ° V. The new PFC circuit also replaces the NTC-based invert current limiter, which is the expensive part previously located next to the fuse.
Maps Power supply unit (computer)
Development
genuine IBM PC, XT, and standard AT
The first IBM PC power supply (PSU) supply unit provides two main voltages: 5 V and 12 V. It supplies two other voltages -5 V and -12 V, but with limited power. Most time microchips are operated at 5 V power. Of the 63.5 W this PSUS can deliver, mostly on these 5 V rails.
12 V supplies are used primarily to operate motors such as on disk drives and cooling fans. As more peripherals are added, more power is delivered on the 12V rail. However, since most of the power is consumed by the chip, the 5 V rail still distributes most of the power. Rel -12 V is used primarily to provide negative supply voltage to the RS-232 serial port. Rel A -5 V is provided for peripherals on ISA bus (such as soundcard), but not used by motherboard.
An additional cable called 'Power Good' is used to prevent the operation of digital circuits during the initial milliseconds of the turn-on power supply, where output and current voltages are rising but not sufficient or stable for proper device operation. Once the output power is ready for use, the Power Good signal tells the digital circuitry that it can start operating.
The original IBM power supply for PCs (model 5150), XT, and AT includes a voltage-line power switch that extends through the side of the computer case. In a common variant found in the tower case, the electrical voltage switch is connected to the power supply by a short cable, allowing it to be installed separately from the power supply.
The initial microcomputer power supply is fully active or inactive, controlled by a mechanical electrical voltage switch, and low-power energy-saving mode is not a consideration of the design of early computer power supplies. This power supply is generally not capable of power saving modes such as standby or "soft off", or scheduled turn-on power control.
Since the design is always active, in case of short circuit, either the fuse will explode, or the mode-switched supply will repeatedly cut off the power, wait a short time, and try to start over. For some power supplies, repeated restarts can be heard as quiet, quiet chirps or sounds emitted from the device.
Standard ATX
When Intel developed the standard ATX power supply connector (published in 1995), the microchip operates at 3.3Ã,V, becoming more popular, starting with the Intel 80486DX4 microprocessor in 1994, and the ATX standard supplied three positive rails: 3.3Ã,V, 5Ã, V, and 12Ã, V. The earlier computers that required 3.3Ã, V usually came from simple but inefficient linear regulators connected to the 5 V rail.
The ATX connector provides multiple cables and power connections for a 3.3 V supply, as it is most sensitive to voltage drops in supply connections. Another additional ATX is a 5 V SB (standby) rail to provide a small amount of standby power, even when the computer is nominally "off".
There are two fundamental differences between AT and ATX power supplies: connectors that provide power to the motherboard, and soft switches. In an ATX-style system, the front panel power switch only provides control signals to the power supply and does not divert the AC power supply voltage. This low voltage control allows hardware or other software to turn on and off the system.
ATX12V standard
As the transistor becomes smaller on the chip, it becomes better to operate it at a lower supply voltage, and the lowest supply voltage is often desired by the densest chip, the central processing unit. To supply large amounts of low voltage power to the Pentium and subsequent microprocessors, special power supply, voltage regulators start to be included on the motherboard. The newer processors require up to 100 A at 2 V or less, which is not practical to provide off-board power supplies.
Initially, it is supplied by a major 5 V supply, but when the power demands increase, the high currents required to supply sufficient power become problematic. To reduce power losses in the 5 V supply, with the introduction of the Pentium 4 microprocessor, Intel changed the processor power supply to operate at 12 V, and added a separate four-pin P4 connector to the new ATX12V 1.0 standard to supply that power.
High-powered modern graphics processing units do the same, so most of the power requirements of modern personal computers are on the 12 V rails. When high-powered GPUs were first introduced, the ATX "5-V-heavy" ATX power supply, and could only supply 50 -60% of their output in the form of 12 V power. So, the GPU manufacturer, to ensure 200-250 W 12 V power (peak load, GPU CPU), recommended 500-600 W or higher power supply. A more modern ATX power supply can generate almost all (typically 80-90%) of their rated capacity in 12 V power.
Due to this change, it is important to consider the supply capacity of 12 V, rather than the overall power capacity, when using older ATX power supplies with newer computers.
Manufacturers of low-quality power supplies sometimes take advantage of the advantages of this specification by assigning unrealistic high power rating ratings, knowing that very few customers fully understand the power supply ratings.
3.3Ã, V and 5Ã, rel V
3.3 V and 5 V Rail voltage supply is rarely a limiting factor; generally, any supply with a sufficient 12 V rating will have sufficient capacity at a lower voltage. However, most hard drives or PCI cards will make a larger load on the 5 V rail.
CPUs and older logic devices on the motherboard are designed for a 5 V operating voltage. The power supply for those computers regulates 5e, V outputs appropriately, and provides a 12V rail in the specified voltage window depending on the rail load ratios. The 12 V supply is used for fan motor, disk drive motor and serial interface (which also uses a -12 V supply). The further use of the 12 V comes with a sound card, using a linear audio power amplifier chip, sometimes filtered by a 9 V linear voltage regulator on the card to cut the motor noise.
Since 80386 certain variants, the CPU uses lower operating voltages such as 3.3 or 3.45 V. The motherboard has a linear voltage regulator, supplied by a 5 V rail. The jumper or dip switch adjusts the output voltage to the specified CPU. When newer CPUs require higher currents, switching mode voltage regulators such as buck converters replace linear regulators for efficiency.
The standard ATX power supply generates 3.3Ã, V. This voltage is generated by shifting and changing the pulse from the 5 V rail on an additional choke, causing the rising voltage to be delayed and repaired separately into a dedicated 3.3 V rail. The pulse cutting by rato voltage regulator of 3.3 and 5 V is controlled. Some cheaply designed PSUs with a lower maximum output use a linear regulator to produce 3.3 V from 5 V which converts voltage drop and current products into heat.
With the Pentium 4 and newer computer generations, the voltage for the CPU core falls below 2 V. The drop voltage on the connector forces the designers to place the money converter next to the device. The higher maximum power consumption required the money converter no longer feeds from 5 V and turns into a 12 V input, to reduce the required current from the power supply.
A small linear voltage regulator is installed in several drives to maintain the stability of 3.3Ã, V by feeding it from the 5 V rail.
Power Supply Entry-Level Specifications
Power Supply Entry-Level Specification (EPS) is a power supply unit intended for computers with high power consumption and entry-level servers. Developed by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum, a group of companies including Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and others, working on server standards, the EPS form factor is a derivative of the ATX form factor. The latest specification is v2.93.
The EPS standard provides a more robust and stable environment for critical server-based systems and applications. The EPS power supply has a 24-pin motherboard power connector and an eight-pin 12Ã, V. connector. This standard also specifies two 12-pin 12-pin 12-pin connectors for more power-hungry boards (required on 700-800 PSU, both required on 850 W PSU). The EPS power supply is principally compatible with standard ATX or ATX12V motherboards found in homes and offices but there may be mechanical problems where the connector is 12 V and in the case of older boards the main connector hangs the socket. Many PSU vendors use connectors where additional sections can be removed to avoid this problem. As with the standard version of ATX PSU, there is also a V-5 rail.
Single track vs. many 12Ã, V
As the power supply capacity increases, the ATX power supply standard is changed (starting with version 2.0) to include:
3.2.4. Power Limits/Hazardous Energy Level Under normal conditions or overloaded, no output will continue to provide more than 240 VA under load conditions including short circuit output, as required ULÃ, 1950/CSA 950/EN 60950/IEC 950.
The requirement was later removed from version 2.3 (March 2007) from the ATX12V power supply specification, but caused a difference in the modern ATX power supply between single and double tracks.
The rule is intended to set a safe limit on currents capable of passing a single output wire. A large enough current can cause serious damage if there is a short circuit, or may melt the wire or sealing it in the event of an error, or potentially trigger a fire or damage to other components. The rules limit each output to under 20 amps, with a typical supply that ensures availability of 18 A. The power supply capable of delivering more than 18 A at 12 V will give their output in the cable group (called "rails"). Each rail provides up to a limited amount of current through one or more wires, and each rail is controlled independently by its own current sensor which closes the supply to the overcurrent. Unlike fuses or circuit breakers, these limits are reset as soon as the overload is removed. (Obviously, if the cable group is limited to 20A, so will every cable in it.) Normally, the power supply will guarantee at least 17 A at 12 V with current limits of 18.5 A ×, 8% . Thus, it is guaranteed to supply at least 17 A, and is guaranteed to bypass before 20 A. The current limits for each cable group are then documented so that the user can avoid placing too much high current load in the same group.
Originally at the time of ATX 2.0, a power supply featuring "multiple 12Ã, V rails" implies one capable of delivering over 20 A A12 V power, and seen as a good thing. However, one finds the need to balance loads across many uncomfortable 12 V rails, especially since higher end PSUs start to provide much larger currents up to about 2000W, or more than 150A at 12v (compared to 240 or 500W from the previous time ). When the assignment of a connector to a rail is made at production time, it is not always possible to move the loads assigned to different rails or to manage current allocations across devices.
Rather than adding more current boundary circuits, many manufacturers choose to ignore requirements and increase current limits above 20 A per rail, or provide a single-rail "power supply" that ignores current boundary circuits. (In some cases, violating their own advertising claims to include it.) Due to the above standards, almost all high power supplies are claimed to impose separate rails, but these claims are often wrong; many are ignoring the current limit circuitry required, both for cost reasons and therefore an irritant to the customer. (The drawback is, and is sometimes advertised as a feature under a name like "rail fusion" or "current division".)
The requirement was withdrawn as a result, but this problem left a mark on the design of the PSU, which can be categorized into single rail designs and some rails. Both can (and often) contain current-limiting controllers. At ATX 2.31, the single rail design output current can be drawn through a combination of output cables, and the safe management and allocation of such loads is left to the user. The dual rail design does the same, but limits the current supplied to each connector (or group of connectors), and the applied limit is the manufacturer's choice rather than set by the ATX standard.
12 V-only inventory
Since 2011, Fujitsu and other tier-1 manufacturers have produced systems containing motherboard variants that only require 12 V supply from custom-made PSUs, typically rated at 250-300 W. DC-DC conversion, providing 5 V and 3.3 V, done on the motherboard; The proposal is that 5 V and 12 V supplies for other devices, such as HDD, will be loaded on the motherboard rather than from the PSU itself, although this does not seem to be fully implemented in January 2012.
The reason given for this approach for power supply is that it eliminates cross-load problems, simplifies and reduces internal cables that can affect airflow and cooling, reduce costs, improve power supply efficiency, and reduce noise by bringing fan speeds under power supply control the motherboard.
At least two Dell business PCs were introduced in 2013, Optiplex 9020 and Precision T1700, ships with 12-V-only power supplies and implemented 5 V and 3.3 V conversions exclusively on the motherboard.
Power rating
The overall power drawn on the PSU is limited by the fact that all supply rails come through one transformer and one of its primary side circuits, such as switching components. Total power requirements for personal computers can range from 250 W to over 1000 W for high-performance computers with multiple graphics cards. Non-CPU personal computers or high-performance graphics cards typically require 300 to 500 W. Power supplies are designed approximately 40% larger than calculated system power consumption . It protects against system performance degradation, and against excessive power supply. The power supply labeled its total power output, and labeled how this is determined by the electric current limit for each given voltage. Some power supplies do not have excessive protection.
System power consumption is the sum of power ratings for all computer system components that utilize the power supply. Some graphics cards (especially multi-card) and large groups of hard drives can place very heavy demand on the 12v line of the PSU, and for this load, the 12 V rating of the PSU is essential. The total rating of 12 V on the power supply must be higher than the current required by the device so that the PSU can fully serve the system when other 12 V system components are taken into account. Manufacturers of these computer system components, especially graphics cards, tend to overestimate their power requirements, to minimize support problems due to too low a power supply.
Efficiency
Various initiatives exist to improve the efficiency of computer power supplies. Climate Savers Computing Initiative promotes energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions by encouraging the development and use of more efficient power supplies. 80 PLUS declares different levels of efficiency for power supplies and encourages its use through financial incentives. Efficient power supplies also save money by wasting less power; as a result they use less electricity to power the same computer, and they release less waste heat resulting in significant energy savings in the central air conditioning in summer. The advantage of using an efficient power supply is more substantial in a computer that uses a lot of power.
Although a power supply with a power rating greater than required will have an extra security margin for overloading, the unit is often less efficient and wastes more electricity at lower loads than more precise units. For example, a 900 watt power supply with an efficiency rating of 80 Plus Silver (meaning that such a power supply is designed to be at least 85 percent efficient for loads above 180 W) may be only 73% efficient when the load is lower than 100 W, which is power idle which is common for desktop computers. Thus, for a 100 W load, the loss for this supply is 37 W; if the same power supply is placed under a 450 W load, where supply efficiency reaches 89%, losses are only 56 W although it supplies 4.5 times the useful power. For comparison, a 500 watt power supply carries an efficiency rating of 80 Plus Bronze (meaning that such power supplies are designed to be at least 82 percent efficient for loads above 100 W) can provide 84 percent efficiency for 100 W loads, wasting only 19 W.
The manufacturer's own certified power supply can claim multiple or more than doubled output ratings actually provided. To further complicate this possibility, when there are two rails that divide the power through down-regulating, it also happens that the 12 V rail or the over 5 V rail below the total rating of the power provides. Many power supplies create outputs of 3.3Ã, V by stretching the 5 ° r, V them, or making the 5Ã, V output by stretching their 12 °, V rails. The two involved rails are labeled on a power supply with combined current limits. For example, the 5Ã, V and 3.3Ã, V rails are assigned a total combined limit value. For a description of potential problems, rail 3.3Ã,V may have a rating of 10Ã, A by itself ( 33Ã, W ), and rail 5à V, may have 20Ã, A ranks ( 100Ã, W ) by itself, but both together may only produce 110Ã, W. In this case, loading rails 3.3Ã, V to maximum (33Ã, W), will leave 5à , V train can only produce 77 W
A test in 2005 reveals computer power supplies are generally about 70-80% efficient. For a 75% efficient power supply to generate 75 W the DC output will require 100 W AC input and waste the remaining 25 W in heat. Higher quality power supply can be more than 80% efficient; consequently, energy-saving PSUs waste less energy in heat and require less airflow to cool, resulting in quieter operation.
In 2012, some high-end consumer PSU efficiency can exceed 90% at the optimal load level, although it will fall to 87-89% efficiency for heavy or light loads. Google's server power supply more than 90% efficient. HP server power supply efficiency of 94% has been reached. Standard PSU sold for workstation server has an efficiency of about 90%, in 2010.
The energy efficiency of the power supply drops significantly at low loads. Therefore, it is important to match the capacity of the power supply to the computer's power requirements. Efficiency generally reaches about 50-75% of the load. The curve varies from model to model (an example of how this curve looks can be seen in the energy-saving model test report found on the 80 PLUS website).
Appearance
Most of the desktop personal computer power supplies are square metal boxes, and have large bundles of cables that appear from one end. Instead the wire bundle is the back of the power supply, with air vents and IEC 60320 C14 connectors to supply AC power. There may be a power switch and/or voltage selector switch.
Labels on one side of the box include technical information about the power supply, including safety certification and maximum output power. Common certification marks for safety are UL marks, GS marks, TÃÆ'Ã… "V, NEMKO, SEMKO, DEMKO, FIMKO, CCC, CSA, VDE, GOST R and BSMI signs. Common certificate marks for EMI/RFI are CE, FCC and C-tick marks. CE marks are required for power supplies sold in Europe and India. A RoHS or 80 PLUS can sometimes be seen.
The dimensions of the ATX power supply are 150 mm wide, 86 mm high, and usually 140 mm deep, although the depth can vary from brand to brand.
Some power supplies come with arm cables, which in addition to more aesthetics, also make cabling easier and have less adverse effects on airflow.
Connector
Typically, the power supply has the following connectors (all are Molex (USA) Inc. Mini-Fit Jr., Unless otherwise stated):
- PC Main power connector (usually called P1 ): This is the connector that goes to the motherboard to provide it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins. One of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire (usually green). This connector is the largest of all connectors. In an older AT power supply, this connector is divided into two: P8 and P9 . The power supply with 24-pin connector can be used on motherboards with 20-pin connectors. In cases where the motherboard has a 24-pin connector, some power supplies come with two connectors (one with 20 pin and the other with 4-pin) that can be used together to form a 24-pin connector.
- only 12V power connector (labeled P1 , although not compatible with ATX 20 or 24 pin connectors): This is a 16-pin Molex connector that supplies motherboards with six lines 12 V with general return, 'supply OK' signal, PSU ON signal and 11 V auxiliary supply. One pin is not used.
- Only 12V System monitoring ( P10 ): This is 171822-8 AMP or equivalent connector that carries the supply to the PSU fan and returns the sense.
- ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called P4 power connector ). The second plug that goes into the motherboard (next to the main 24-pin connector) to supply power specifically to the processor. For motherboards and high-end processors, it takes more power, therefore the EPS12V has an 8-pin connector.
- Peripheral 4-pin power connector : This is the other smaller connector that enters the various disk drives of the computer. Most of them have four wires: two black, one red, and one yellow. Unlike standard electrical wiring the main colors of US wire, each black wire is ground, red cable is 5Ã, V, and yellow cable is 12Ã, V. In some cases, it is also used to provide additional power to PCI cards such as FireWire 800 cards.
- 4-pin Molex (Japan) Ltd power connector (commonly called Mini-Molex , or connectors ): This is one of the smallest connectors that supply a 3.5-inch floppy drive with power. In some cases, this can be used as an additional connector for an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) video card. The cable configuration is similar to the Peripheral connector.
- Auxiliary power connector: There are several additional types of connectors that are designed to provide additional power if needed.
- Serial ATA power connector: 15-pin connector for components using SATA power plug. This connector supplies power at three different voltages: 3.3, 5, and 12Ã, V.
- 6-pin Most modern computer power supplies include the six-pin connector commonly used for PCI Express graphics cards, but the newly introduced eight-pin connector should be seen in the latest model power supply. Each 6-pin PCI Express connector can generate a maximum of 75 W.
- 6 2 pins For compatibility purposes, some connectors designed for use with high end PCI Express graphics cards display this pin configuration. This allows a six-pin or eight-pin card to be connected by using two separate connection modules connected to the same sheath: one with six pins and the other with two pins. Each 8-pin PCI Express connector can generate a maximum of 150 W.
- IEC 60320 C14 connector with the appropriate C13 cable is used to install the power supply to the local power grid.
Modular power supply
The modular power supply provides a removable cable system, offering the ability to remove unused connections at the expense of a small amount of extra electrical resistance introduced by additional connectors. This reduces clutter, eliminates the risk of hanging wires interfering with other components, and can increase airflow. Many modular supplies have multiple permanent multi-wire cables with connectors at the end, such as the main PC and the four-pin Molex, although the newer inventory is marketed as "Fully Modular" allowing even to be disconnected.
Other form factors
The Thin Form Factor with 12-V configuration (TFX12V) configuration has been optimized for small microATX and low profile and FlexATX system layout. The long narrow profile of the power supply easily enters the low profile system. Fan placement can be used to efficiently stream air from the processor and core area of ​​the motherboard, allowing smaller and more efficient systems using common industrial components.
Most portable computers have power supplies that provide 25 to 200 W. In portable computers (such as laptops) there is usually an external power supply (sometimes referred to as "brick force" because of its similarity, in size, shape and weight, to real bricks ) that converts AC power into one DC voltage (most often 19 V), and then the DC-DC conversion takes place inside the laptop to supply the various DC voltages required by other components of the portable computer.
An external power supply can send data about itself (power, current rating and voltage) to the computer. For example, genuine Dell resources use the 1-Wire protocol to send data with a third cable to the laptop. The laptop then rejects an unsuitable adapter.
Beberapa komputer menggunakan catu daya 12 V tegangan tunggal. Semua tegangan lainnya dihasilkan oleh modul pengatur voltase pada motherboard.
Umur panjang
The life span is usually determined in the mean time between failure (MTBF), where a higher MTBF rating indicates longer device life and better reliability. Using higher quality electrical components less than their maximum rating or providing better cooling can contribute to higher MTBF ratings because lower voltages and lower operating temperatures decrease the failure rate of components.
The estimated MTBF value of 100,000 hours (approx. 140 months) at 25 Ã, Â ° C and under full load is quite common. The rating expects that, under the conditions described, 77% of the PSU will operate without failure for three years (36 months); equivalent, 23% units are expected to fail within three years of operation. For the same example, only 37% of units (less than half) are estimated to reach 100,000 hours without fail. The formula for calculating reliability predictions, R (t) , is
- R ( t ) = e - t t MTBF
where t is the operating time in the same time unit as the MTBF specification, e is 2.71828, and t MTBF is the MTBF value as specified by the manufacturer.
Supply power for servers, industrial control equipment, or other places where essential reliability may be exchangeable in a hot manner, and may include N 1 redundancy; if an N power supply is required to meet the load requirements, an additional one is installed to provide redundancy and allow damaged power supplies to be replaced without downtime.
Wiring diagrams
Test
'Power supply test' is a tool used to test the computer's power supply functionality. Testers can confirm the existence of the correct voltage on each power supply connector. Testing under load is recommended for the most accurate readings.
See also
- IEC 62700 (DC power supply for notebook computers)
- List of manufacturers powersupply computer
- Power management
- Power supply
- Quiet PC
- Switch-mode power supply application
Note
References
External links
- How PC Power Supplies Work
- Websites with Information & amp; Research on the Efficiency of Activating Active Power Mode
- How to Purchase an Energy Efficient Power Supply
- PC Repair and Maintenance: Further Review on Power Supply
- How to Find Your Real Power Supply Manufacturer
- How Much Power Can a Generic 500 W Power Generate Really Produce?
- Everything You Need to Know About Power Supply
- What is the power supply for the computer?
- Diverse wires and power supply connectors
- Power supply, connector and certification, and test procedures
Computer power supply calculator
- OuterVision Power Calculator (updated frequently)
- SnooP and Powerone Goods Calculator; providing rail power distribution
- Computer Power Supply Calculator (updated quarterly)
- Journey Systems online power supply calculator
ATX power supply specifications
- Power Supply Design Guide ATX12V, v2.01
- ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.2
- ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.3 (Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors, v1.1)
- ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.31 (Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors, v1.2)
- ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.4 (Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors, v1.31)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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