A working parent is the father or mother involved in working life, apart from her duties as a provider of childcare. There are many structures in the family including single mothers, working or single fathers working. There are also married parents who earn double income, where both parents provide income. In this family structure, there are many concerns about gender inequality. Within the gender agency, there is a gender role that is expected that people engage in moms and dads that reflect at home and at work.
Video Working parent
Bonus from mother and mother bonus
Although women are easier to employ than men because of their salary demands, women also face the challenge of defending motherhood in the workplace. Men have the potential of greeting to be working fathers. Hegemony masculinity plays a role in determining a man's bonus. If he is white, middle class and has a stable home life with a wife and children, he is seen as the most appropriate masculine man available to get a raise. Thus, more fathers are also offered paid paternity leave.
Maps Working parent
working mom
Women's involvement in paid work varies and varies according to historical period, geographic area and social class. From the late 19th century to the 1970s, married women in some Western countries were forbidden to work outdoors through wedding bars. In Europe, married women could not work without the consent of their husbands until a few decades ago, for example in France until 1965 and in Spain until 1975. After the second wave of feminism enabled more women to attend the workplace, many mothers took advantage; according to the US Department of Labor, the increase in mothers in the labor force, with children under the age of 18, has increased to 70.6% in 2011. Moms with younger children tend to work than those who have more children old.
Although mothers have grown in paid work environments, they still face gender inequality that affects their ability to maintain a healthy home life. The added pressure of working mothers lies in the stereotypical assumption, the gender that women are the primary caregivers of children, which is a fact often reflected in the privileges and benefits in the workplace between men and women. One of the disadvantages faced by working moms is the wage gap, sometimes referred to as "mother penalty". Women often experience "double day" or "second shift" work when they go to wage-earning jobs and then return home. When women are employed, they are assumed to have life responsibilities that can interfere with their ability to work well. Regarding their male counterparts, if women want to give more to their families, they must take on a masculine work ethic. That is, be more aggressive, and work before your family. Increased job demands can reduce the burden of the economic downturn; However, this takes up the time it takes to build a family. With 66% of married women in double income families, the percentage illustrates that, although both parents are economic providers for their families, women take on both work and family responsibilities because of the gender role of the community. Research shows that, consistent with the utility maximization theory, women not only opt out of the workforce but accurately assess the potential opportunities and direct labor market costs of their exit decisions, and make labor-out decisions based on measurable costs and benefits..
In Europe, Ireland and the Netherlands have some of the strongest housewife traditions. In the early 1980s, the European Community Commission reported Women in the European Community , found that the Netherlands and Ireland had the lowest labor participation of married women and the greatest public denial. In the Netherlands, from the 1990s onwards, the number of women entering the workplace has increased, but most women work part-time. According to The Economist , in the Netherlands, fewer men have to fight in World War in the 20th century, and therefore Dutch women never work to pay women wages in other countries. The state's wealth, coupled with the fact that "Dutch [politics] was dominated by Christian values ​​until the 1980s" meant that Dutch women were slower to enter the workforce. In contrast to the mid-20th century of Western Europe, Communist nations such as the Soviet Union and Mainland China encouraged married women to keep working after they gave birth. In the US, after the feminist movement (accompanied by the civil rights movement against racial discrimination and the Vietnam War), there were 50% married women who continued to work after they gave birth in 1978 in the US; in 1997, the number was 61%. An increase in the number of housewives took place in the Bush era in the 2000s. After the 2008 financial crisis, due to the decline in family income, women continue to work to help their families, there are 69% of Married women who continue to work after they deliver in 2009 in the United States.
As more and more countries join the EU, and subject to its direction, policies on women's labor rights have increased across Europe. Key recommendations include the Employment Equality Guidelines, the Breast-feeding Manual, the Leaving Parent Guide and the Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the application of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in connection with access to employment, training and job promotion, and working conditions .
Mommy war
The battle between working mom and housewife has been called "mother wars". Arguments center on one's most effective use of child rearing. Leslie Morgan Steiner writes that, as women struggle to make peace with their own choices in the care of community standards, they engage in this warfare that does nothing to promote self-acceptance, acceptance of others or balance in their personal lives. "
Research study
The Harvard Business Review blog and the Pew Research Center have reported research results showing that mothers are a "primary or single source of income" in about 40 percent of US households with children. The equivalent statistics in 1960 were 11 percent.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments