The humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) is a species of baleen whales. One of the larger rorqual species, the adult length range from 12-16 m (39-52 ft) and weighs about 36,000 kg (79,000 lb). Humpbacks have a distinctive body shape, with long pectoral fins and protruding heads. Known for its violations and other typical surface behavior, makes it popular among pope watchers. Men produce complex songs that last 10 to 20 minutes, which they repeat for hours at a time. The goal is unclear, although it may have a role in marriage.
Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales usually migrate up to 25,000 km (16,000 mi) each year. Humpback feeds feed on polar waters, and migrate into tropical or subtropical waters to breed and bred when they fast and live from their fat reserves. Their food consists mostly of krill and small fish. Humpbacks have a variety of repertoire feeding methods, including clean bubble techniques.
Like other large whales, humpback whales are a target for the whaling industry. After being hunted on the verge of extinction, the population fell by about 90% before the 1966 moratorium. While stocks have recovered in part, entanglement in fishing equipment, ship collisions and noise pollution continue to impact the 80,000 population.
Video Humpback whale
Taxonomy
The humpback whale is a rorqual (Balaenopteridae, a family that includes blue whales, fins, Bryde, sei and minke). Rorqual is believed to have diverged from other families of the Mysticeti subordo since a long time as a middle Miocene. However, it is not known when these family members differ from each other.
Though obviously associated with the giant whales of the genus Balaenoptera , the hump is the only member of its genus. Recently, though, DNA sequencing analyzes have indicated that humpback is more closely related to certain rorquals, especially fin whales ( B physalus ) and possibly to gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ), than other rorquals such as minke whales.
The humpback was first identified as the baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his book Regnum Animale in 1756. In 1781 Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, changing the name of Brisson to its Latin equivalent, Balaena novaeangliae . In 1804, LacÃÆ'Â © pÃÆ'¨de shifted the hunchback of the Balaenidae family, changing its name to B. jubartes . In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera , classified humpback as Megaptera longipinna , but in 1932 Remington Kellogg returned the species name to use Borowski novaeangliae . The common name comes from curving their backs while diving. The generic name Megaptera from the Greek mega - /???? - "giants" and ptera /????? "wings", referring to their large front fins. The specific name means "New Englander" and may be given by Brisson because of the usual sighting of humpback off the coast of New England.
Genetic research in mid-2014 by the British Antarctic Survey confirms that separate populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean are much different than previously thought. Some biologists believe that these should be considered as separate subspecies and that they develop independently.
Maps Humpback whale
Anatomy
Humpbacks can be easily identified by their burly bodies, clear humps, the color of black back and pectoral fin are elongated. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, which are hair follicles and are characteristic of the species. The fluked tail, which usually rises above the surface while diving, has a wavy edge.
Humpbacks have 270 to 400 dark baleen on each side of their mouth. The plate measures from 18 in (46 cm) in front up to about 3Ã, ft (0.91 m) behind, behind the hinges.
The ventral groove runs from the lower jaw to the umbilicus, about halfway along the lower part of the body. These grooves are less (typically 14-22) than in other rorquals, but wide enough.
Females have a hemispherical lobe about 15 cm (5.9 inches) in the genital area. It visually distinguishes men and women. The male penis usually remains hidden in the genital cleft.
Size
Full grown men averaged 13-14 m (43-46 feet). Females are slightly larger at 15-16 m (49-52 ft); one large recorded specimen was 19Ã,m (62Ã, ft) long and had pectoral fins measuring 6Ã,¼ (20Ã, ft) respectively. The biggest hunch in the records, according to the whaling records, was a woman who died in the Caribbean; he is 27 m (89 ft) long weighing 90 metric tons (99 short tons), although the reliability of this information has not been confirmed due to the non-logical notes. The largest measured by the scientists of the Discovery Committee were women 14.9 m (49 ft) and men 14.75 m (48.5 ft), although this out of sample size was only 63 whales. Body mass is typically in the range of 25-30 metric tons (28-33 short tons), with large specimens weighing more than 40 metric tons (44 short tons).
Newborn calves roughly along their mother's head. At birth, the calf is 6 m (20 feet) in 2 short tons (1.8 t). They breastfeed for about six months, then mix breastfeeding and eat independently for perhaps six months more. Hunched milk is 50% fat and pink.
Women reach sexual maturity by the age of five, reaching full adult size slightly later. Men reach sexual maturity around the age of seven years.
Fins
The long black and white tail fins can be up to one-third of the body length. Several hypotheses attempt to explain the crooked pectoral fin fins, which are proportionately the longest fins of any cetaceans. The higher maneuverability given by the long fins and the usefulness of increased surface area for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates may support this adaptation.
Identify individuals
The varied patterns in tail worms distinguish individual animals. A study using data from 1973 to 1998 on whales in the North Atlantic gave researchers detailed information on pregnancy, growth and childbirth, and enabled more accurate population prediction by simulating a mark-release-recapture technique. The photographic catalog of all the famous North Atlantic whales developed during this period and is managed by the College of the Atlantic. Similar photography identification projects operate around the world.
Behavior
Rorqual life ranges from 45 to 100 years.
Interactions
The social structure of humpback is loose. Typically, individuals live alone or in small groups, while dissolving after several hours. Groups can stay together longer in the summer to search for feed and feed cooperatively. Long-term relationships between couples or small groups, months or even years, are rarely observed. Some women may maintain a bond made through cooperative feeding for a lifetime. Humpback whales often jump out of the water, a behavior known as "breaking", and slapping water with their fins or tails
Dating and reproduction
The courtship ritual takes place during the winter months, after the migration toward the equator from the summer eating place closer to the poles. Competition is usually fierce. Unrelated men, nicknamed companions, often trailing females, and cow-calves. Men gathered into "competitive groups" around women and fought for the right to marry him. The size of the group subsided and flowed as people who did not retreat and others arrived. Behavior including offense, spyhopping, lob-tailing, tail-slapping, pectoral fin fin, peduncle throwing, filling and parrying.
The Pope's song is considered to have an important role in the selection of a spouse; However, they can also be used between men to establish dominance. Polygamy has been observed in humpback whales, with females having multiple male partners throughout their ages.
Women usually breed every two or three years. The gestation period is 11.5 months. The peak months for birth are January, February (Northern Hemisphere), July and August (Southern Hemisphere). Females wait one to two years before breeding again. Recent research on mitochondrial DNA reveals that groups living adjacent to each other can represent different breeding pools.
Interaction intersecies
Humpbacks are a friendly species that interacts with other cetacean species such as bottlenose dolphins. The right whale interacts with humpback. This behavior has been recorded in all oceans. Records of southern humpback and whales showing what is interpreted as mating behavior have been documented off the coast of Mozambique and Brazil. Humpback whales appear in mixed groups with other species, such as blue whales, fins, minke, gray and sperm. Interactions with gray, fin, and right whales have been observed. The research team observed a male humpback singing an unknown type of song and approached the fin whale in Rarotonga in 2014. An individual was observed playing with bottlenose bottlenose dolphins in Hawaiian waters. More recently, humpback whaling incidents that protect other animal species such as seals and other whales from killer whales have been documented and filmed. Studies of such incidents suggest that the phenomenon is species and global, with incidents recorded at various locations around the world. In September 2017 in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, two adult humpback whales were observed protecting snorkeler and whale biologist Nan Hauser from a 4.5 m (15 ft) tiger shark, with a single whale pushing a woman away from a shark while another using a tail to blocking predator progress. This may be the first recorded incident of humpback whales that act to protect humans.
Song
Both male and female humpback whales voiced sound, but only males produced long, violent "long" songs, which the species is famous for. Each track consists of several sounds in a low register, varying in amplitude and frequency and usually lasting from 10 to 20 minutes. Individuals can sing continuously for more than 24 hours. Cetaceans have no vocal cords; instead, they produce sound through structures such as the larynx found in the throat, a mechanism that has not been as clearly identified. Whales do not have to breathe out to produce sound.
Whales in large areas sing a song. All North Atlantic hukbacks sang the same song, while people from the North Pacific sang different songs. Each population song changed slowly for several years without repeating.
Scientists are not sure of the purpose of whale songs. Only men who sing, suggesting one purpose is to attract women. However, many whales observed approaching the singer are other men, often resulting in conflict. Singing may, therefore, be a challenge for other men. Some scientists have hypothesized that the song can serve echolocative functions. During the feeding season, humpbacks create unrelated vocalizations to herd them into their bubble nets.
Humpback whales make other voices to communicate, such as groaning, groan, snorting and barking.
Breathing
Whales are air-breathing mammals that must appear to get the air they need. The fat dorsal fin is visible immediately after the blow (breathing) when the whale surface, but disappears when the worm appears. Humpback has 3 m (9.8 ft), heart-shaped for heavy blow through the blowhole.
They generally do not sleep on the surface, but they should continue to breathe. Maybe only half their brains are sleeping at one time, with one and a half managing the surface-blow-dive process without raising the other half.
Migration
The patterns of migration and social interaction were explored in the 1960s and by further research in 1971. Calambokidis et al. provides "the first quantitative assessment of the humpback whale migration structure throughout the North Pacific basin."
Range and habitat
Hunchbacks inhabited all the great oceans, in a wide band that ran from the Antarctic ice edge to latitude 77 ° N. The four global populations are populations of the North Pacific, the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. This population is different. Although the species has a cosmopolitan distribution and is usually not considered across the equator, seasonal observations in Cape Verde suggest a possible interaction between populations of both hemispheres. Apart from the Arabian Sea group, year-round presence has been confirmed between British and Norwegian waters. Parts of the winter ground around the world have been studied poorly or undetected, such as around the Pitcairn Islands, Northern Mariana Islands (eg around Marpi and CK Reefs to Saipan), Dait? Islands, Volcano Islands, Dari Bay, Trindade and Martin Vaz, Mauritius, Aldabra, and so on.
Whales were unusual in the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea, but have increased their presence in both waters when the global population has recovered. Recent improvements in the Mediterranean basin, including reappearance, suggest that more whales can migrate to the inland sea in the future, not only for winter but also for feeding. Humpbacks also show signs of extending back to previous ranges, such as Scotland, Skagerrak and Kattegat, as well as Scandinavian fjords like KvÃÆ'Â|nangen, where they have not been observed for decades.
In the North Atlantic, dining areas range from Scandinavia to New England. Breeding occurs in the Caribbean and Cape Verde. In the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean, whales can breed in Brazil, as well as beaches in central, southern and southeastern Africa (including Madagascar). Whale visits to the Gulf of Mexico are rare, but occur in the bay historically. In the South Atlantic, about 10% of the world's population of species may migrate to the Gulf of Guinea. Comparison of songs between them in Cape Lopez and Abrolhos Archipelago shows that the trans-Atlantic mix between the western and southeastern populations occurs.
Large populations spread throughout the Hawaiian Islands every winter, ranging from the island of Hawaii in the south to Kure Atoll in the north. These animals eat in areas ranging from the California coast to the Bering Sea. Humpback whales were first observed in Hawaiian waters in the mid-19th century and may have gained dominance over the North Pacific whale, as the right whales are hunted to the point of extinction.
A 2007 study identified seven individuals who then left the Pacific coast of Costa Rica as a journey from Antarctica - about 8,300 km (5,200 mi). Identified by their unique tail pattern, these animals make the longest documented mammalian migration. In Australia, two major migration populations are identified, off the west and east coasts. These two populations are different, with only a few women in each generation crossing between the two groups.
In Panama and Costa Rica, humpback whales come from both Southern Hemisphere (July to October with more than 2,000 whales) and the Northern Hemisphere (December-March is about 300). South Pacific populations migrating from mainland New Zealand, the Kermadec Islands and Tasmania are increasing, but less rapidly than in Australian waters due to illegal hunting by the Soviet Union in the 1970s.
Some recolonization habitats are confirmed, especially in the North and South Atlantic (eg England and the coast of Ireland, the English Channel) to the coast in the north such as the North Sea and the Wadden Sea, where the first confirmed sighting since 1755 was made in 2003, South Pacific New and Niue), Chilean pelagic islands such as Isla Salas y GÃÆ'³mez and Easter Island, where possible undocumented winterlands have been considered, the southern Chilean and Peruvian fonts (eg Penas Bay, Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel) and in Asia. Areas in the Philippines such as Babuyan Archipelago, Cagayan (the first modern death of the species in the country in 2007), Calayan and Pasaleng Bay, the Ryukyu Islands, the Volcano Islands in Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands have recently regained steady/Marshall, Vietnam, Taiwan, and China showed a slow or unclear recovery.
The whales re-migrate from the Japanese archipelago and into the Sea of ​​Japan. The connection between the stock and the whales seen in the Okhotsk Sea, on the coast of Kamchatka and around the Command Islands has been studied. The historic winter distribution may be wider and more southerly, as the whales are seen in areas along Batanes, Sulu and Celebes Seas including offshore Palawan, Luzon, Malaysia and Mindanao, with higher densities around Tanjung Eluanbi and Kenting National Park currently. Unconfirmed observations have been reported near Borneo in modern times. The first confirmation in modern Taiwan was a pair off Hualien in 1994, followed by a successful escape from the shackles of Taitung in 1999, and continuous sightings around Orchid Island in 2000. Few/no regularly migrate to Kenting National Park. In addition, although sightings are reported almost every year off the shores of the Green Island and Orchid Islands, the relatively short presence in these waters indicates a recovery as winter does not occur. Sightings, including a pair of cow-calves, have occurred along the east coast of Taiwan. Around Hong Kong, two documented visions were recorded in 2009 and 2016. One of the first recorded sightings in the Yellow Sea was a group of 3 or 4 individuals, including a pair of cows/calves in Changhai County in October 2015.
Since November 2015, the whales gathered around Hachij? -jima, far north of the known breeding area of ​​the Bonin Islands. All breeding activities except for delivery have been confirmed in January 2016. That's what makes Hachijo-jima the most northerly breeding place in the world, north of the breeding ground like Amami? Shima, Midway Island, and Bermuda.
Arabian Sea Population
Non-migration populations in the Arabian Sea remain throughout the year. The more typical annual migration covers up to 25,000 km (16,000 mi), making it one of the most traveled mammal species. Genetic studies and visual surveys show that Arab groups are the most isolated of all the hunchback groups and the most endangered, amounting to perhaps less than 100 animals. In the Arabian Sea, Masirah Island and Masirah Bay, the Halaniyat Islands, and Kuria Muria Bay are hot spots for the species.
The Pope is historically common in continental and marginal waters such as the Hallaniyat Islands, along the coast of India, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Aden and recent migration to the bay including by cow-calf pairs. It is not known whether the whales seen in the Red Sea are from this population, but their appearance has increased since 2006 even in the northern part of the sea such as the Gulf of Aqaba. Individuals can reach Maldives, Sri Lanka, or further east. Humpback has been considered somewhat vagrant to the Persian Gulf, but the new study suggests a more regular presence can be expected.
The origin of whales occurring in the Maldives is not clear either from the Arab or southern Pacific populations, and overlap is possible.
Feeding and predation
Humpback bait especially in summer and live from fat reserves during winter. They eat only rarely and opportunistically in their winter waters. The humpback is an energetic hunter, taking krill and small school fish like Atlantic and Pacific salmon, herring, capelin and American sand spears, as well as Atlantic mackerel, pollock and haddock in the North Atlantic. They have been documented opportunistically near a fish hatchery in Southeast Alaska, partying with salmon removed from the hatchery. Krill and copepods are species of prey in Australian and Antarctic waters. Slouch hunting with direct attacks or with amazing prey by hitting water with pectoral or worm fins.
Bubble clean
The humpback has the most diverse hunting of all baleen whales. Its most inventive technique is known as bubble net feeding; a group of whales swimming in circles shrinking bubbles beneath prey schools. The bubble rings are getting smaller around the school and enclosing them in a smaller cylinder. These rings can start about 30 m (98 ft) in diameter and involve the cooperation of a dozen animals. Using the crittercam attached to the whale's back, the researchers found that some whales blew bubbles, some diving deeper to push the fish to the surface and others thrusting prey into the net by voicing. The whales then suddenly swim up through the "net", mouths of agape, swallowing thousands of fish in one gulp. The pleated plot in the whale's mouth allows the creature to easily drain the water that was originally taken, filtering the prey.
Eating the so-called lobtail is observed in the North Atlantic. This technique involves whales slapping sea level with their tails between one and four times before creating a bubble net. Using a network-based diffusion analysis, the study authors argue that the whale studied the behavior of other whales in the group over a 27-year period in response to changes in the main form of prey.
Predate killer whale
The visible scars indicate that killer whales can prey on adolescent hog pigs, although hitherto hunting has never been witnessed and assumed as shallow attacks in nature. However, a study 2014 outside Western Australia observes that when available in large numbers, young humpbacks can be attacked and sometimes killed by orcas. In addition, the mother and (possibly related) adults guard the neonate to prevent such predation. His advice is that when humpbacks suffered from extinction during the whaling era, orcas switched to other prey, but now continue their previous practice. There is evidence that humpback whales will defend or attack killer whales that attack humpback or teenage calves as well as members of other species.
Relationships with humans
Whaling
Humpback whales hunted since the 18th century. In the 19th century, many countries (especially the United States), hunted the beast in the Atlantic Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The introduction of the late 19th century explosive harpoon allowed the whalers to accelerate their retrieval. This, along with hunting in the Antarctic Ocean that began in 1904, populations of whales are sharply reduced. During the 20th century, more than 200,000 humpbacks were taken, reducing the global population by more than 90%. The North Atlantic population dropped to as low as 700 people.
Ban
In 1946, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was established to oversee the industry. They enact hunting rules and create hunting seasons. To prevent extinction, the IWC banned commercial humpback whaling in 1966. By that time, the global population had been reduced to around 5,000. The ban remained in place since 1966.
Before commercial whaling, the population could reach 125,000. Murder in the North Pacific alone is estimated at 28,000. The Soviet Union was deliberately lacking its catch; The Soviets reported the arrest of 2,820 between 1947 and 1972, but the actual number was over 48,000.
In 2004, hunting was restricted to several animals each year off the Caribbean island of Bequia in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. This acquisition is believed not to threaten the local population. Japan has planned to kill 50 humpbacks in the 2007/08 season under its JARPA II research program. The announcement sparked a global protest. After a visit to Tokyo by the IWC chairman asked Japan for their cooperation in sorting out the differences between pro-and anti-arresting countries on the commission, Japan's whaling fleet agreed not to take the humpback whales for the two years it took to reach a formal agreement.
In 2010, the IWC allowed the original Greenland population to hunt down some humpback whales over the next three years.
In Japan, humpback, minkes, sperm and many other small Odontoceti, including endangered species such as the right North Pacific, western gray and northern fins, have been the target of illegal fishing. The hunt uses spears to hunt dolphins or intentionally pushes whales into the net, reporting them as a winding case. Humpbacks can be found in the market. In one case, humpbacks from unknown amounts were illegally hunted in the Exclusive Economic Zone of whaling anti-whaling countries such as outside Mexico and South Africa.
Watching whales
Whale watching is a recreational activity of humpback whales in the wild. Participants watch from the beach or on the tour boats. Hunchback is usually curious about objects nearby. Some individuals, referred to as "friendships" approach the boat closely watching the fish, often under or near the boat for several minutes.
Because humpbacks are usually approachable, curious, identifiable as individuals and display many behaviors, they have become a mainstay of whale tourism worldwide. Hawaii has used the concept of "ecotourism" to benefit from species without killing it. This business generates revenues of $ 20 million per year for the country's economy.
Famous people
Pope Tay
In December 1883, a male humpback swam to the Firth of Tay in Scotland, passing what became a whaling port in Dundee. The pope was publicly exhibited by local businessman John Woods, both locally and later as a traveling exhibition traveling to Edinburgh and London. The pope was dissected by Professor John Struthers, who wrote seven papers on anatomy and monographs in 1889 on humpbacks.
Migaloo
Humpback albino whales that move up and down the east coast of Australia have become famous in local media because of their rare and all-white appearance. Migaloo is the only all-white specimen and is a true albino. First seen in 1991, the whale was named for the native Australian word for "white companion". In order for travelers not to approach, the Queensland government sets a 500-m (1600-foot) exemption zone around it.
Humphrey
In 1985, Humphrey swam to San Francisco Bay and then boarded the Sacramento River toward Rio Vista. Five years later, Humphrey returned and was trapped in the mud in San Francisco Bay just north of Sierra Point under viewers' views from the upper floors of the Dakin Building.
He was twice rescued by the Marine Mammal Center and other related groups in California. He was pulled from the mud with a large cargo net and help from the US Coast Guard. Both times, he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in the fleet of boats made an unpleasant noise behind whales by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as oikami Media
The analysis of papal songs in the 1960s sparked worldwide media interest and convinced the public that the pope was very intelligent, assisting anti-road supporters.
Status
Threat
While whaling is no longer threatening species, individuals are vulnerable to ship collisions, winding in fishing gear and noise pollution. Like other cetaceans, humpbacks can be hurt by excessive noise. In the nineteenth century, two humpback whales were found dead near submarine recurring ocean bombing sites, with traumatic injuries and broken bones in the ears.
Saxitoxin, paralytic shellfish poisoning from contaminated mackerel, has been implicated in the death of humpback whales.
Preservation
The world population is at least 80,000, with 18,000-20,000 in the North Pacific, about 12,000 in the North Atlantic and over 50,000 in the Southern Hemisphere, down from 125,000 prewhaling populations.
Little worries
In August 2008, the IUCN changed the Vulnerability status of Vulnerable to the Smallest Concern, although two sub-populations remained threatened. The United States is considering listing a separate humpback population, so smaller groups, such as the North Pacific humpback, estimated to number 18,000-20,000 animals, may be removed. This is complicated by humpback migration, which can reach 5,157 miles (8,299 km) from Antarctica to Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, the Ballena Marine National Park is designed for humpback protection.
Areas where population data are limited and species may be at higher risk including the Arabian Sea, the western North Pacific Ocean, the west coast of Africa and parts of Oceania.
The species was listed as vulnerable in 1996 and threatened recently in 1988. Most of the stocks monitored have recovered since the end of commercial hunting. In the North Atlantic, stocks are believed to be close to hunting levels. However, the species is considered threatened in several countries, including the United States.
United States
The 2008 US Department of Commerce Analysis (SPLASH) notes that many challenges exist for determining recovery status including the lack of accurate population estimates, the complexity of unexpected population structures and their migration. This report is based on data collected from 2004 to 2006. At that time, the North Pacific population was around 18,302. This estimate is consistent with moderate recovery rates for the discharged population, although it is considered a "dramatic increase in abundance" from other post-1960s estimates. By comparison, Calambokidis et al. estimated 9,819, covering 1991-1993. This represents an annual population increase of 4% from 1993 to 2006. The shelters provided by US national parks, such as Glacier Bay National Park and Nature Reserve and Cape Hatteras National Seashore, are a major factor in population recovery.
Canada
Off the Canadian west coast, the Gwaii Haanas National Conservation Marine Conservation Reserve covers 3,400 square kilometers (1,300 sq mi). This is the "main feeding habitat" of the North Pacific population. Their critical habitat overlaps with a tanker delivery route between Canada and its eastern trading partners. In 2005 North Pacific residents were listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act Canada (SARA). On April 19, 2014, the Department of the Environment recommended amendments to SARA to downgrade their status off the Pacific coast from "threatened" to "species of special concern". According to the Canadian Extinction Wildlife Status Committee (COSEWIC), the North Pacific humpback population increased by about 4% every year from 1992 to 2008. Although socioeconomic costs and benefits are considered in their decision to improve their status, the University says. Research director of the British Columbia Marine Mammal Research Consortium, the decision is based on biology, not politics.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, among other countries, establishes humpbacks as a priority species under the National Biodiversity Action Plan.
See also
- List of cetaceans
- Wilhelmina Bay
References
Source
Books
External links
- General
- US National Ocean Fisheries Pages page
- ARKive - humpback whale pictures and movies (Megaptera novaeangliae) .
- Humpbacks from Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
- Dolphin Institute Whale Resource Guide and scholarly publications
- Humpback Whale Gallery (Silverbanks)
- (in French) Humpback whales
- Humpback Whale from Hervey Bay
- Epic humpback whale battle was filmed
- Humpback whale songs
- Whalesong project
- Article from PHYSORG.com about the complex syntax of whale phrases
- Sea Sound - Humpback Whales Sound
- Songlines - Songs from the East Australian Hanging Whale
- Preservation
- The Oceania Project, Humpback Whale Research, Hervey Bay
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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