The father's rights movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody and child support affecting their father and children. Many of its members are fathers who want to share the care of their children the same as their children's mothers - either after divorce or as unmarried fathers - and children of ending marriages. This movement includes both men and women, often the second wife of a divorced father or other male family member who has had some involvement with family law.
Most members of the paternal rights movement have little prior interest in law or politics. However, because they feel that their goals of equal parenting are being frustrated by family courts, many are interested in family law, including child custody and child support.
Although it has been described as a social movement, members of the movement believe their actions are better described as part of the civil rights movement. The objection to the characterization of the movement as a social movement is related to the belief that discrimination against fathers moves beyond the social sciences and comes from governmental intervention into family life.
This movement has received international press coverage as a result of its members' high profile activism. It has become increasingly vocal, visible and organized, and has played a strong role in family law debates.
Video Fathers' rights movement
Demographics
The father rights movement exists almost exclusively in industrialized countries, where divorce is becoming more common. It appeared in the West from the 1960s onwards as part of a men's movement with organizations like the Family Need Dad, dating from the 1970s. At the end of the twentieth century, internet growth enabled wider discussion, publicity, and activism about issues of interest to paternal rights activists. Factors that are thought to contribute to the development of the father's rights movement include a shift in household demography caused by increased divorce and reduced marriage levels, changes in father's understanding and expectations, motherhood and childhood and a shift in how the legal system affects families.
Father rights groups in the West consist primarily of white, middle or working class, heterosexual men. Members tend to be politically conservative but have no political or social outlook and vary greatly in their aims and methods. Members of the father's rights movement advocate strong relationships with their children and focus on a range of narrowly defined issues based on the concerns of divorced or divorced men. Women, often new partners including second wives or other male family members who have an involvement with family law and a mother without custody, are also members of the father's rights movement, and paternal rights activists emphasize this. Two studies of dad rights groups in North America found that fifteen percent of their members were women.
Father's rights movement organizations that the Family Need Fathers and the Lone Fathers Association have been campaigning for father's rights for decades. More lasting organizations emerged as a result of the long-term dedication and commitment of key individuals. Other paternal rights groups tend to form and dissolve quickly. Internal opposition to ideology and tactics is common, and members tend not to remain with the group after they are helped.
The father rights movement has a liberal and conservative branch, with a different perspective on how men and women compare. Although both groups agree on victimization and discrimination against men, they disagree about why men and women are different (nature versus nurture) and traditional gender roles. The liberal version believes the difference between the sexes is due to culture and supports the equality between men and women; In contrast, conservative branches believe in traditional patriarchal/complementary families and that the difference between the sexes is due to biology. Ross Parke and Armin Brott see the father's rights movement as one of three strands in a men's movement almost exclusively related to the role of father, the other two are good faction movements and groups that make up the Christian Men's movement - Keeper of the Promise into the greatest.
Warren Farrell, a veteran of the women's movement, men and fathers since the 1970s, described the father's rights movement as part of a larger "gender transition movement" and thought that, similar to women in the 1960s, of the sex. Based for a more flexible family role. Farrell also believes the movement helps children by increasing the amount raised by both parents, which in turn increases the social, academic, psychological, and physical benefits of children - he says it is a matter of the rights of children with fathers who act as supporters.
Maps Fathers' rights movement
Movement
Members of the father's rights movement affirm that fathers are discriminated against as a result of gender bias in family law; that a custody decision is a denial of the same right; and that the influence of money has undermined family law. The main focus of the movement is to campaign (including lobbying and research) for formal legal rights for fathers, and sometimes for children, and to campaign for changes in family law related to child custody, support and maintenance, domestic violence and the family court system of self. Feminist rights groups also provide emotional and practical support to members during separation and divorce.
Some fathers rights groups have become frustrated by the slow pace of traditional campaigns for legal reform; groups like the Father 4 Justice originally based in the UK have become increasingly vocal and visible, conducting public demonstrations that have attracted public attention and influenced the politics of family justice. After the protests, some paternal rights activists have been convicted of violations such as harassment and assault. Father rights groups have condemned threats and acts of violence, with Matt O'Connor of Fathers 4 Justice claiming that his organization is committed to "direct nonviolent action" and that members involved in intimidation will be expelled. An example was in January 2006, when Matt broke up the group while it was revealed that a sub-section of members planned to kidnap Leo Blair, the young son of Tony Blair, the former British Prime Minister. According to police, the plot never progressed beyond the "chattering phase". Four months later the group was re-established.
Some despairing members of the father's rights movement, especially Thomas Ball, have advocated violence to deliver the message, just before he sacrificed himself on the steps of the courthouse in Keene, New Hampshire, he wrote in his 15 pages. "The Last Statement" that the father should burn the courthouse and the police station.
Main issues
Family court system
Stephen Baskerville is a professor of political science, president of the United States Coalition of Fathers and Children and advocates the rights of fathers and defines the court custody prescribed as not the right to the parents of children but as a force to prevent other couples from parents. Members of the father's rights movement state that family courts are biased against fathers and custody together. Baskerville states that the result of divorce is too biased and initiated by the mother in more than two-thirds of cases - especially when children are involved. He also stated that divorce provides benefits for women such as custody of children automatically and financial benefits in the form of child support payments. Members of the FR movement also stated that family courts are slow to help fathers enforce their parental rights, and are expensive and time consuming.
Baskerville also stated that family courts are confidential, censor and punishment against fathers who criticize them. He also claims that employees and activists in the courts support and benefit from the separation of children from their parents and that family law today is a violation of civil rights and intrusion of governmental power.
Others opposed this conclusion, arguing that family courts are biased by the father and that the lower percentage of fathers as custodial parents is the result of choices made by the father rather than the family court bias. According to sociologist Michael Flood, father's rights activists have exaggerated the differences in custody between mother and father, and ignore the fact that in most cases, fathers voluntarily relinquish custody of their children through private arrangements; either because they are willing to do so, or because they do not expect favorable court decisions.
Stating that "children need two parents" and that "children have basic human rights to gain opportunities and relationships with their mothers and fathers," members of the father's rights movement call for greater equality in parental responsibilities after separation and divorce. They call for legislation that creates an irrefutable assumption of 50/50 joint custody after divorce or separation, so that children will spend the same time with each parent unless there are reasons against it. They point to studies showing that children in shared care settings are better adapted and have fewer social problems such as low academic achievement, crime, pregnancy, substance abuse, depression and suicide, and suggest that shared care is in fact in the best interest of the child. Warren Farrell states that for children, both parenting with three conditions (children have the same time as mothers and fathers, parents are close enough to each other so that children do not have to lose friends or activities when visiting other parents, and no dirty words) is the second best family arrangement for the intact two-parent family, followed by the primary father's custody and then primary maternal care, and he adds that if joint care can not be agreed, the average boy is better psychologically, socially, academically, and physically, have higher levels of empathy and assertiveness, and lower levels of ADHD, if their father is their primary custodian parent rather than their mother.
Members of the father's rights movement and their critics disagree about the correlation of negative development outcomes for children to a single custody situation. Social scientist VC McLoyd states that fathers have no covaries with other relevant family characteristics such as a lack of income from an adult male, the absence of a second adult, and a lack of support from the second large family system and concludes that it is a negative effect of poverty, the absence of a father, which results in negative development outcomes. On the other hand, Professor Craig Hart stated that although the consequences of poverty and single parenthood are interrelated, each is a risk factor with independent effects on children, and Silverstein and Auerbach suggest that negative outcomes for children in situations of custody single correlated more strongly to "orphans" than to other variables including poverty.
Members of the paternal rights movement criticize the best interests of childhood standards currently used in many countries to make custody decisions, which they describe as highly subjective and based on personal prejudices of family court judges and court-appointed child-care evaluators, and that courts are rude if over half the prisoners are taken from willing and competent parents. Members of the father's rights movement, including Ned Holstein, argue that the dubious assumption about parenting is supported by a majority of citizens. Baskerville writes that the proposal to enact joint parenting law was opposed by divorce lawyers, and he said that "radical feminist groups" are opposed to collective care because of possible domestic abuse and child abuse.
Mo Yee Lee stated that custody arrangements are good for children only if there is no conflict between parents. Some feminist groups have stated that if shared nurturing is ordered, fathers will not give their share of daily care for children. The National Organization for Women also questioned the motives of those promoting joint care, noting that it would result in a significant reduction in or termination of child benefit payments.
Stephen Baskerville stated that joint care has been shown to reduce parental conflict by asking parents to cooperate and compromise, and that is a lack of constraint by one parent resulting from the parent's ability to exclude other parents, resulting in increased conflicts parents. She further states that only when the child support guideline exceeds the actual cost that the parent asks or is seeking to prevent the change in nurturing time for financial reasons, adds that any argument that the parent asks for an increase in care time to reduce child support is at the same time. an argument that other parents make a profit from child support.
Stephen Baskerville describes no error or unilateral divorce based on no fault as a power struggle by a parent who begins a divorce and he also states that the father has a constitutional right to share control over their children and through political action they intend to establish parental authority for both parents and for the welfare of their children. Members of the father's rights movement argue that a dubious assumption for parenting together protects children's protection against inappropriate or violent parents.
The pro-feminist sociologist Michael Flood states that the supporters of mutual care use it only as a symbolic issue relating to "rights", "equality", and "justice" and that the father's rights movement is not really interested in parenting with their children. or the wishes of the children, adding that paternal rights groups have advocated policies and strategies that are harmful to mothers and children and also harmful to the father himself. By contrast, social scientist Sanford Braver states that the image of a poorly divorced father is a myth that has led to dangerous and dangerous social policies.
Child support
Members of the father's rights movement campaign for reform of child support guidelines, which in most Western countries are based on maintaining the standard of living of children after separation, and on the assumption that children live with one parent and never with one person old. Activists state that current guidelines are arbitrary, provide mothers with financial incentives for divorce, and leave fathers with little free income to enjoy with children during their upbringing. In the US, paternal rights activists propose guidelines based on the Shares Cost model, in which child support will be based on the parent's average income and estimated child costs incurred by both parents. Laura W. Morgan has stated that it focuses on the relative living standards of divorced parents rather than the best interests of children and financially supports them at the same level after divorce.
Solangel Maldonado stated that the law should respect the father's wider definition for poor fathers by reducing the focus on collecting child support and encouraging informal contributions (such as groceries, clothing, toys, time with the children) of this father by counting this contribution as support child.
Members of the paternal rights movement declare that child support should be terminated in certain circumstances, as if the custodial parent restricted access to children by away from other parent's wishes, giving false testimony, or if a father's deception was found. , adding that two men should not have to pay child support for the same child.
Stephen Baskerville states that it is often difficult for fathers in financial difficulties or who take on a larger parenting role with their children in order for their child benefit payments to be lowered. He also stated that unemployment is a major cause of child support allowance, and further states that these shadows make the father subject to arrest and imprisonment without due process of law.
Stephen Baskerville stated that the purpose of child support should be determined publicly, and enforcement programs should be designed to serve that purpose, observing appropriate legal processes.
Supporters of the father's rights movement affirm that some women make false claims about domestic violence, sexual harassment or children in order to get a upper hand in divorce, custody of disputes and/or prevent the father from seeing their children, and they declare that lawyers advise women to make such claims. They claim that false claims about domestic violence and child abuse are motivated by the "win or lose" nature of child custody deprivation, that men are guilty of innocence by police and by courts, lawyers and supporters for women misused. asserted that family court proceedings are usually accompanied by allegations of domestic violence due to the prevalence of domestic violence in the community rather than as a result of false allegations of domestic violence. They also affirm that domestic violence often begins or increases around the time of divorce or separation. Academic critic Michael Flood argues that fathers rights groups have had a devastating impact on domestic violence programs and policies by trying to discredit women victims of violence, to return the legal protection available to victims and sanctions imposed on perpetrators crime. , and undermine services for victims of male violence. Stephen Baskerville asserted that when child abuse occurs, the offender is unlikely to be a father, and that child abuse occurs most often after father is separated from his children. Baskerville proposes that domestic violence and child abuse should be decided as a criminal attack, observing the protection of legal processes, and that government funding for programs addressing these issues should be made dependent on those safeguards.
Parenting breakdown
Glenn Sacks states that some mothers interfere with parenting time and such disorders must be stopped. Sacks and Jeffery M. Leving stated that the disruption of care time can result from the relocation of custodial parents outside the practical distance of parents without custody and they are campaigning for a denied assumption that prohibits such relocation.
Father's rights activists also advocate for inclusion of parental alienation syndrome, the proposed syndrome developed by Richard A. Gardner who accuses the unjustified disturbance of the relationship between parent and child caused by other parents. Neither PAS nor PAD is accepted by any mental health or legal organization. Despite lobbying, parental alienation syndrome was not included in the DSM manual draft released in 2010, although parental alienation disorder did appear to be "Proposed by Outside Sources" for review by the working group.
No divorce errors
Stephen Baskerville stated that the law establishing an unfinished divorce does not stop removing the requirement that grounds be imputed for divorce, thus allowing divorce by "mutual agreement"; it also allows couples to end marriage without approval or error by others. Phyllis Schlafly stated that an unfair divorce should be termed a one-sided divorce.
Stephen Baskerville stated that the law establishes an unfair divorce can be seen as one of the boldest social experiments in modern history that have effectively terminated marriage as a legal contract. He stated that it is impossible to form a binding agreement to create a family, adding that government officials can, at the request of one spouse, end the marriage over another objection. He claimed that an unreasonable divorce had left the father unprotected against what he described as the seizure of their children.
Baskerville stated that mistakes had entered through the back door in the form of a child custody hearing, and that the couples who were forced to divorce ("defendants") were found guilty. Likewise, other members of the father's rights movement believe that men fail to gain due recognition for their innocence as a result of an innocent divorce. Baskerville describes the proposed amendment of divorce law no error that would create a dubious assumption that child custody is given to respondents [who are innocent or do not want to divorce] regardless of gender. He also noted Tim O'Brien's prediction, the author of the proposed amendment, stating that the proposed amendment would result in degenerate divorce rates and reduce negative consequences for children.
Stephen Baskerville proposed a "reasonable limit" of divorce without error when children were involved. Some FRM members support the end of the no-false principle in child custody and divorce decisions. Some members of the father's right movement argue that the availability of divorce should also be limited.
Government engagement
Stephen Baskerville states that governments throughout the United States and other democracies are involved, by accident or by design, in the campaign against father and father, which, in his view, lies at the root of a larger problem that threatens marriage, destroys families, destroys the lives of many children, and undermining parents, democracy, and accountability. Baskerville also stated that it was the abolition of the father of the family through a divorce that initiated a problem that the government considered a solution rather than a problem, and that the problem was then used to justify the continuity and expansion of the government. Members of the paternal rights movement claim that modern divorce involves government officials who attack the private lives of parents, expel people from their homes, confiscate their property, and take their children.
Parental rights and reproduction
Dad's father's attorneys have worked for unmarried father's right, if unsuitable, for custody if mothers try to get their child adopted by a third party or if the child welfare authority places the child in foster care. Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unmarried men and women will have equal rights in adoption, an approach that critics state does not adequately recognize the different biological roles in procreation and pregnancy, and the social and economic disparities of society. structure. In the US, some states have passed laws to protect the rights of unmarried fathers for detention. Courts increasingly support these rights, although judges often ask for evidence that fathers have shown interest, and provide financial and emotional support to, mothers during pregnancy.
Some father rights advocates have sought the right to prevent women from having an abortion without the consent of the father, on the grounds that it is discrimination for men to not have the ability to participate in the decision to terminate the pregnancy. This option is not supported by law in the United States. Advocates of Jeffrey M. Leving and Glenn Sacks' father's rights have stated that "the choice for men is the wrong solution." Advocates also expressed a desire to have a "financial abortion" in which the option exists to decide all responsibility for child support for an undesirable child. Commenting on this, lawyer Kim Buchanan stated, "The only way men short of opting out of pregnancy can be framed as gender injustice is to accept that men have the right to visit the consequences of unprotected sex (or contraceptive failure) exclusively to their female partners. "However, some feminists, such as the former president of a feminist organization, the National Organization for Women, lawyer Karen DeCrow, have supported the concept of" financial abortion ".
Parental fatigue
Pressure from paternal rights groups, among others, has in some countries produced gender neutral programs that qualify for parental leave. While historically, maternity allowances are given to mothers based on the physical biology of childbirth, including the need to protect the health and financial welfare of women and children, parental allowance emphasizes parenting gender-neutral children, benefits from parenting participation in parenting, and improves discrimination against men, men who want to get involved with their baby.
Terminology
Some paternal rights activists objected to the term "visit", which they deemed degrading their level of authority as parents, and instead preferred the use of "nurturing time".
Criticism
Some law scholars and feminist authors have accused the father's movement of placing father interests above the interests of children, for example, suggesting that it is acceptable for fathers to withdraw child support if they are not given access to their children, or by lobbying for changes in family law that allegedly increase children's exposure to violent fathers, and are thought to be increasingly harmful to mothers who are victims of domestic violence.
Another criticism is that paternal rights activists allegedly mistakenly maintain that courts are biased against fathers, whereas in reality most cases are settled by private agreements and fathers voluntarily relinquish the primary custody of their children, which explains a lower percentage of custodial fathers ; and that the "bias" of the court supports the primary caregiver, not mothers alone.
Martha Fineman's researcher Michael Flood and others criticized the movement for allegedly perpetuating the negative stereotypes of women as deceitful, vindictive, and irresponsible, and the stereotype that women go out to take advantage of men financially.
Important commentator
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