Medical marijuana , or medical marijuana , are marijuana and cannabinoids recommended by doctors for their patients. The use of marijuana as a drug has not been strictly tested due to production restrictions and other government regulations. Limited evidence suggests marijuana can reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, increase appetite in people with HIV/AIDS, and reduce chronic pain and muscle spasms.
Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, and hallucinations. The long-term effects of cannabis are unclear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, addiction risk, schizophrenia in young people, and the risk of children taking it by accident.
The Cannabis plant has a history of drug use dating back thousands of years in many cultures. The use of medical marijuana is controversial. A number of medical organizations have requested removal of marijuana from the list of substances set in my Schedule, followed by regulatory and scientific reviews. Others like the American Academy of Pediatrics oppose the legalization of medical marijuana.
Medical marijuana can be administered through a variety of methods, including capsules, suction tablets, tinctures, dermal patches, oral or dermal sprays, cannabis edibles, and yawn or dried up shoots. Synthetic cannabinoids, such as dronabinol and nabilone, are available for prescription use in some countries. Countries that allow the medical use of cannabis throughout plants include Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Peru, and Uruguay. Australia has passed legislation to permit the use of medical marijuana in some states. In the United States, 29 states and the District of Columbia have legalized marijuana for medical purposes, starting with California in 1996. Although marijuana remains prohibited for federal use, Rohrabacher-Farr's amendment came into force in December 2014, limiting the ability of federal law to enforced in countries where medical marijuana has been legalized.
Video Medical cannabis
Classification
Many different marijuana strains are collectively called medical cannabis. Since many varieties of cannabis and plant derivatives all have the same name, the term medical marijuana is unclear and misunderstood. A Cannabis plant includes over 400 different chemicals, of which about 70 are cannabinoids. By comparison, government-approved drugs contain only one or two chemicals. The amount of active chemicals in cannabis is one of the reasons why marijuana treatment is difficult to classify and study.
The 2014 review suggests that the variation in the CBD-to-THC ratio in botanical and pharmaceutical preparations determines the psychotherapy vs psychoactive effect (CBD undermines the THC psychoactive effect) of cannabis products.
Maps Medical cannabis
Medical use
Medical marijuana has some potential beneficial effects. Moderate evidence that helps in chronic pain and muscle spasms. Low quality evidence demonstrates its use to reduce nausea during chemotherapy, increase appetite in HIV/AIDS, improve sleep, and improve tics in Tourette's syndrome. When ordinary treatments are ineffective, cannabinoids are also recommended for anorexia, arthritis, migraines, and glaucoma.
It is recommended that the use of cannabis be stopped in pregnancy.
Nausea and vomiting
Medical marijuana is somewhat effective in chemo-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and may be a reasonable option for those who do not improve after special treatment. Comparative studies have found kanabinoids more effective than some of the conventional antiemetics such as prochlorperazine, promethazine, and metoclopramide in controlling CINV, but these are used less frequently because of side effects including dizziness, dysphoria, and hallucinations. Long-term cannabis use can cause nausea and vomiting, a condition known as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
The 2016 Cochrane Review says that cannabinoids "may be effective" in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea in children, but with high-profile side-effects (especially drowsiness, dizziness, mood swings, and increased appetite). Less common side effects are "ocular problems, orthostatic hypotension, muscle twitching, pruritis, ambiguity, hallucinations, light head and dry mouth".
HIV/AIDS
Evidence is not good for the efficacy and safety of cannabis and cannabinoids in treating patients with HIV/AIDS or for anorexia associated with AIDS. In 2013, current research suffers from a refractive effect, small sample size, and lack of long-term data.
Pain
2017 reviews find evidence of moderate to high quality for the effectiveness of marijuana in reducing chronic pain in some conditions, especially when inhaled. Another review found tentative evidence for cannabis use in treating peripheral neuropathy, but little evidence of benefits for other types of long-term pain.
When cannabis is inhaled for pain relief, blood cannabinoid levels rise faster than when oral products are used, peaking within three minutes and achieving an analgesic effect in seven minutes. The 2014 review finds limited and weak evidence that smoking cannabis is effective for chronic non-cancer pain. A 2015 meta-analysis found that inhaled medical marijuana is effective in reducing neuropathic pain in the short term for one in five to six patients. Other reviews of 2015 find limited evidence that medical marijuana is effective for neuropathic pain when combined with traditional analgesics.
A 2011 review considers marijuana to be generally safe, and in palliative care, its use seems safer than opioids.
Neurological issues
The efficacy of cannabis in treating neurological problems, including multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy, and motion problems, is unclear. Studies of the efficacy of marijuana to treat multiple sclerosis have produced mixed results. The combination of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) extracts gave subjective elasticity flexibility, although objective post-treatment assessment did not show significant change. The evidence also shows that oral marijuana extract is effective to reduce the size of patient-centered spasticity. The cannabis experiment is considered a sensible choice if other treatments have not been effective. Its use for MS is approved in ten countries. Review 2012 does not find a problem with tolerance, harassment, or addiction.
Posttraumatic stress disorder
There is transient evidence that medical marijuana is effective in reducing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, but, by 2017, there is insufficient evidence to confirm its effectiveness for this condition.
Adverse effects
Medical use
There is not enough data to draw strong conclusions about the safety of medical marijuana. Usually, the adverse effects of medical marijuana use are not serious; they include fatigue, dizziness, increased appetite, and cardiovascular and psychoactive effects. Tolerance to this effect develops for several days or weeks. The amount of cannabis usually used for medicinal purposes is not believed to cause permanent cognitive impairment in adults, although long-term treatment in adolescents should be weighed carefully as they are more susceptible to this disorder. The withdrawal symptoms are rarely a problem with the medical administration of controlled cannabinoids. The ability to drive a vehicle or operate a machine may be disrupted until tolerance is developed. Although medical marijuana advocates say that marijuana is safe, further research is needed to assess the long-term safety of its use.
Use of recreation
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis plants, has low toxicity while LD50 (the required THC dose to kill 50% of tested mice) is high. Acute effects may include anxiety and panic, attention disturbance, and memory (during intoxication), increased risk of psychotic symptoms, and the possibility of increased risk of accidents if a person is driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Psychotic episodes are well documented and usually resolved in minutes or hours. There have been reports of symptoms that last longer.
According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, there are 455,000 emergency room visits associated with the use of cannabis in 2011. These statistics include visits where patients are treated for conditions caused by or associated with recent marijuana use. Drug use should be "involved" in the emergency department visit, but not necessarily a direct cause of the visit. Most emergency room visits involve some drugs. In 129,000 cases, marijuana is the only drug involved.
The effects of chronic use may include bronchitis, cannabis dependency syndrome, and delicate attention and memory disorders. These deficits survive while being chronically intoxicated. Compared to non-smokers, people who smoke cannabis on a regular basis in adolescence show reduced connectivity in certain brain regions associated with memory, learning, vigilance, and executive function. One study showed that heavy, daily, and continuous adolescent onset of marijuana for decades was associated with a decrease in IQ at age 38, with no effect found on those who started using marijuana later on, or in those who stopped using earlier adulthood.
There are a limited number of studies that have seen the effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system. Chronic heavy cannabis smoking is associated with cough, sputum production, wheezing, coughing, and other chronic bronchitis symptoms. Routine marijuana use has not been shown to cause significant abnormalities in lung function.
Marijuan smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemicals. The tar is chemically similar to that found in tobacco smoke, and more than fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke, including nitrosamines, reactive aldehydes, and polyclic hydrocarbons, including benz [a] pyrene. The use of mild and moderate marijuana is not believed to increase the risk of lung cancer or upper airway cancers. The evidence for causing this cancer is mixed about long-term heavy use. In general there is a much lower risk of pulmonary complications for regular cannabis smokers when compared to tobacco. Combustion products are not present when using a vaporizer, taking THC in pill form, or consuming cannabis edibles.
There is serious suspicion among cardiologists, spurring research but not reaching definitive evidence, that the use of marijuana has the potential to contribute to cardiovascular disease. Cannabis is believed to be a burdensome factor in rare cases of arteritis, a serious condition that in some cases causes amputation. Because 97% of case reports also smoke tobacco, formal relations with cannabis can not be done. If cannabis arteritis turns out to be a different clinical entity, it may be a consequence of the observed vasoconstrictor activity of delta-8-THC and delta-9-THC. Other serious cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and cardiomyopathy have been reported to be temporally associated with the use of cannabis. Research in these events is complicated because marijuana is often used in conjunction with tobacco, and drugs such as alcohol and cocaine. This putative effect can be taken in the context of various cardiovascular phenomena regulated by the endocannabinoid system and the overall role of marijuana in causing decreased peripheral resistance and increased cardiac output, which could potentially pose a threat to those with cardiovascular disease.
Cannabis usually does not cause symptoms of tolerance or withdrawal except in heavy users. In a heavy user survey 42.4% experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to stop cannabis like addiction, irritation, boredom, anxiety and sleep disorders. About 9% of those who experiment with cannabis eventually become dependent. This number rises to one in six among those who start to be used as teenagers, and a quarter to a half of those who use it daily based on NIDA reviews. Overview 2013 estimates daily use is associated with a 10-20% dependency rate. The highest risk of cannabis dependence is found in those with a history of poor academic performance, deviant behavior in childhood and adolescence, rebellion, poor parental relationships, or parental history of drug and alcohol problems.
A literature review 2013 found that cannabis exposure has biological, physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences and is "associated with liver disease (especially with hepatitis C coinfection), lung, heart and blood vessels."
Cognitive effects
The 2011 systematic review evaluates published studies on the acute and long-term cognitive effects of cannabis. THC poisoning is well established to impair cognitive function in an acute manner, including the effect on the ability to plan, organize, solve problems, make decisions, and control impulses. This level of impact may be greater for novice users, and paradoxically, those accustomed to high-level consumption may have reduced cognition during withdrawal. Studies of long-term effects on cognition have given conflicting results, with some studies finding no difference between long-term abstain and never users and others finding long-term deficits. The differences between studies may reflect a greater long-term effect among heavier users relative to the occasional user, and a greater duration of effect among those with heavy use as adolescents than in later life. A second systematic review focused on neuroimaging research found little evidence to support the effects of cannabis use on brain structure and function. A 2003 meta-analysis concludes that any long-term cognitive effect is relatively small in size and limited to certain aspects of learning and memory.
Impact on psychosis
Exposure to THC can lead to acute acute psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and schizophrenics.
The 2007 meta-analysis concluded that the use of cannabis reduced the average age of onset of psychosis by 2.7 years relative to non-cannabis use. The 2005 meta-analysis concluded that marijuana use in adolescents increases the risk of psychosis, and that the risks are dose-related. A 2004 literature review of the subjects concluded that the use of cannabis was associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of psychosis, but the use of marijuana was "unnecessary and insufficient" to cause psychosis. A French review from 2009 came to the conclusion that the use of marijuana, especially before the age of 15 years, is a factor in the development of schizophrenia disorders.
Several studies have shown that cannabis users have a greater risk of developing psychosis than non-users. This risk is most prominent in cases with the risk of psychotic disorders that exist. A 2005 paper from the Dunedin study showed an increased risk in developing psychosis associated with polymorphism in the COMT gene. However, more recent studies doubt the proposed link between this gene and the effects of marijuana on the development of psychosis.
A 2008 German review reported that marijuana is a contributing factor in some cases of schizophrenia and emphasizes the need for better education among communities due to increasingly less access to cannabis.
Other long-term potential effects
A 2008 National Institutes of Health study of 19 heavily chronic hepatic users with heart and brain abnormalities (mean 28 g to 272 g (1 to 9 oz) per week) and 24 controls found elevated levels of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III ) in chronic smokers. Increased levels of apoc-III induce the development of hypertriglyceridemia.
Pharmacology
The Cannabis genus contains two species that produce useful psychoactive cannabinoids: Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa , listed as medicinal plants Schedule I in the United States ; the third species, Cannabis ruderalis , has little psychogenic properties. Cannabis contains more than 460 compounds; at least 80 of them are cannabinoids - chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain. In 2012, more than 20 cannabinoids are being studied by the US FDA.
The most psychoactive cannabinoids found in cannabis plants are tetrahydrocannabinol (or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC). Other cannabinoids include delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabigerol (CBG); they have fewer psychotropic effects than THC, but may play a role in the overall effects of cannabis. The most studied are THC, CBD and CBN.
CB1 and CB2 are the main cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for some cannabinoid effects, although other receptors may play a role as well. Both include a receptor group called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The CB1 receptors are found at very high levels in the brain and are thought to be responsible for the psychoactive effects. CB2 receptors are found throughout the body and are thought to modulate pain and inflammation.
Absorption
The absorption of kanabinoid depends on the route of administration.
Smoking is by far the most common form of administration. Inhaling the smoke quickly and efficiently provides the drug from the lungs to the brain. Smoked THC has a bioavailability of about 25% and a fast time to reach plasma levels of 6 to 10 minutes. Bioavailability varies between individuals depending on the number, duration and spacing of the puff, the holding time, and the volume of inhalation. The inhaled and evaporating THC has the same absorption profile to suck THC, with bioavailability ranging from 10 to 35%. Oral administration has the lowest bioavailability of about 6%, variable absorption depends on the vehicle used, and the longest time to reach plasma levels (2 to 6 hours) compared to smoking or yawning THC.
Similar to THC, CBD has poor oral bioavailability, about 6%. Low bioavailability is largely due to a significant first-pass metabolism in the liver and the erratic absorption of the gastrointestinal tract. However, CBD oral administration has a faster time to peak concentration (2 h) than THC.
Because of the poor bioavailability of oral preparations, alternative routes of administration have been studied, including sublingual and rectal. This alternative formulation maximizes bioavailability and reduces first flow metabolism. Sublingual administration in rabbits yields a bioavailability of 16% and time to a peak concentration of 4 hours. Rectal administration of monkeys multiply bioavailability to 13.5% and reaches peak blood concentrations within 1 to 8 hours after administration.
Distribution
Like the absorption of cannabinoids, the distribution also depends on the administration route. Smoking and inhaling marijuana has a better absorption capacity than other administrative channels, and therefore also has a more predictable distribution. THC is highly bonded once the protein is absorbed, with only 3% found unbound in the plasma. It distributes rapidly to highly vascularized organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney, as well as various glands. Low levels can be detected in the brain, testicles, and unborn fetus, all protected from systemic circulation through obstructions. THC is subsequently distributed to fatty tissue a few days after administration due to high lipophilicity, and is found to be stored in the spleen and fat after redistribution.
Metabolism
Delta-9-THC is the main molecule responsible for the effects of cannabis. Delta-9-THC is metabolized in the liver and changes to 11-OH-THC. 11-OH-THC is the first metabolic product in this pathway. Both Delta-9-THC and 11-OH-THC are psychoactive. THC metabolism to 11-OH-THC plays a part in the high psychoactive effects of cannabis that can be eaten.
Furthermore, 11-OH-THC is metabolized in the liver to 11-COOH-THC, which is the second metabolic product of THC. 11-COOH-THC is not psychoactive.
Ingestion of edible cannabis products causes a slower effect than inhalation because THC moves to the liver first through the blood before it flows through the body. Inhaled vegetables can produce THC directly to the brain, where it then runs from the brain back to the liver in recirculation for metabolism. Finally, both metabolic routes result in a psychoactive THC metabolism being inactive 11-COOH-THC.
Excression
Due to the large trends of THC and CBD that are metabolized by the liver, the majority of their metabolites are excreted through the feces rather than in the urine.
After delta-9-THC is hydroxylated to 11-OH-THC through CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, it undergoes phase II metabolism to more than 30 metabolites. The majority of these metabolites are glucuronidised products. Approximately 65% ​​are excreted in feces and 25% in urine, while the remaining 10% are excreted in other ways. The half-life of the terminal is about 25-36 hours.
The CBD is hydroxylated by the liver enzyme P450 to 7-OH-CBD. Its metabolites are mainly CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activity, with potential activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. Similar to delta-9-THC, the majority of CBDs are excreted in the stool and some in the urine. The half-life of the terminal is about 18-32 hours.
Administration
Smoking is a way of giving marijuana to many consumers, and the most common method of medical marijuana consumption in the US by 2013. It is difficult to predict pharmacological responses to cannabis because cannabinoid concentrations vary greatly because there are various ways of preparing cannabis for consumption (smoked, applied as oil, , inserted into other foods, or drunk) and lack of production control. Potential side effects from inhaling smoke make smoking a less viable option than oral dosage.
Vaporizer marijuana has gained popularity because of the perception among users that less harmful chemicals are digested when components are inhaled through aerosols rather than smoke.
Cannabinoid drugs are available in pill form (dronabinol and nabilone) and liquid extracts formulated into oromucosal sprays (nabiximols). Oral preparation is "problematic because of the absorption of cannabinoids into fatty tissue, from which they are released slowly, and significant first-pass liver metabolism, which breaks up to 9THC and further contributes to the variability of plasma concentrations".
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved smoking marijuana for any condition or illness because there is no evidence as to the safety and efficacy of marijuana for medical use. The FDA issued a 2006 advisor on smoking medical cannabis which states: "hash possessed high potential for abuse, nobody currently receives medical use in medicine in the United States, and has a lack of acceptable security to use. under medical supervision. "
History
Ancient
Cannabis, called mÃÆ'¡ ? (meaning "hemp, dope, numbness") or dÃÆ' mÃÆ'¡ ?? (with "great") in Chinese, used in Taiwan for fibers that began about 10,000 years ago. Botanist Hui-lin Li writes that in China, "The use of cannabis in medicine may be a very early development." Since early humans used flaxseed as food, it was natural enough for them to also discover the medicinal properties of the plant. "Emperor Shen-Nung, who is also a pharmacologist, wrote a book on treatment methods in 2737 BC that included the medical benefits of cannabis. He recommends substances for many diseases, including constipation, gout, rheumatism, and daze. Cannabis is one of 50 "basic" herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.
The Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BC) of Ancient Egypt describes medical marijuana. Ancient Egyptians used hemp (marijuana) in suppositories to relieve the hemorrhoid pain.
The surviving text of ancient India confirms that the psychoactive nature of cannabis is recognized, and doctors use it to treat various diseases and diseases, including insomnia, headaches, indigestion, and pain, including during labor.
Ancient Greeks used marijuana to dress the wounds and cuts on their horses, and in humans, dried cannabis leaves were used to treat nasal bleeding, and cannabis seeds were used to repel tapeworms.
In the medieval Islamic world, Arab doctors used the diuretic, antiemetic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Cannabis sativa, and used it extensively as medicine from the 8th to the 18th centuries.
Strain Landrace
The cannabis seed may have been used for food, rituals or religious practices in ancient Europe and China. Crop harvesting caused the spread of cannabis across Eurasia from about 10,000 to 5,000 years ago, with further distribution to the Middle East and Africa around 2,000 to 500 years ago. This type of marijuana landrace grows over the centuries. They are cultivars of plants originating from one particular region.
Types of heavily cultivated marijuana, such as "Afghani" or "Hindu Kush", are from Pakistan and Afghanistan, while "Durban Poison" is a native of Africa. There are about 16 strains of cannabis field identified from Pakistan, Jamaica, Africa, Mexico, Central America and Asia.
Modern
An Irish doctor, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, is credited with introducing cannabis for Western medicine. O'Shaughnessy discovered marijuana in the 1830s while living abroad in India, where he conducted many experiments that investigated his medical utilities. Noting in particular the analgesic and anticonvulsive effects, O'Shaughnessy returned to England with a supply of cannabis in 1842, after its use spread throughout Europe and the United States. Cannabis entered the United States Pharmacopeia in 1850.
The use of cannabis in medicine began to decline in the late nineteenth century, due to difficulties in controlling the dosage and increasing popularity of synthetic and opium drugs. Also, the emergence of hypodermic syringe allows these drugs to be injected for immediate effect, in contrast to water-insoluble cannabis and therefore can not be injected.
In the United States, the medical use of marijuana is declining with the issuance of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, which imposes new regulations and fees on doctors prescribing marijuana. Cannabis was removed from US Farmacopeia in 1941, and was officially banned for use with the passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970.
Marijuana began to attract new interest as a drug in the 1970s and 1980s, in particular because of its use by cancer patients and AIDS who reported relief from the effects of chemotherapy and wasting syndrome. In 1996, California became the first state in the US to legalize medical marijuana that deviates from federal law. In 2001, Canada became the first country to adopt a system that regulates the medical use of cannabis.
Society and culture
Legal status
Countries that have legalized medical uses of marijuana include Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Jamaica, Finland, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Poland, Peru, Romania, and Uruguay. have tighter laws that permit the use of certain cannabinoids only, such as France and the UK that have approved the use of Sativex. Countries with more relaxed laws include Uruguay, the Netherlands and Spain, where marijuana can be obtained without the need for a prescription. In Mexico, the THC content of medical marijuana is limited to just one percent. The same limit applies in Switzerland, but no prescription is required to purchase. In the United States and Australia, the legality of medical marijuana varies by country.
Marijuana is present in Schedule IV of the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, making it subject to special restrictions. Article 2 provides the following, which refers to drugs Schedule IV:
A Party shall, if in its opinion, the conditions prevailing in its country make it the most appropriate means of protecting public health and welfare, prohibiting the production, manufacture, export and import, trade, possession or use of such drugs except for the amounts which may be required for research medical and scientific course, including clinical trials to be conducted under or subject to direct control and Party control.
The Convention allows states to prohibit cannabis for all non-research purposes but allows countries to choose to allow use for medical and scientific purposes if they believe that a total ban is not the most appropriate way to protect health and well-being. The Convention requires that states that permit the production or use of medical marijuana shall operate a licensing system for all cultivators, producers, and distributors and ensure that the total state of the cannabis market of the country does not exceed that required "for medical and scientific purposes."
United States
Until April 2017, 29 states and the District of Columbia have legalized the use of medical marijuana, and 17 others have passed laws allowing the use of CBD products. Cannabis remains illegal at the federal level by the Controlled Substance Act, in which marijuana is classified as a drug Schedule I with high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. In December 2014, however, the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment was signed into law, banning the Department of Justice from prosecuting individuals acting in accordance with state medical marijuana law.
Economy
Distribution
Methods of obtaining medical marijuana vary by region and by law. In the US, most consumers grow their own or buy it from marijuana pharmacies in 29 states and the District of Columbia that allows the use of medical marijuana. A marijuana vending machine for the sale or disposal of marijuana is in use in the United States and is planned to be used in Canada. In 2014, Meadow startup companies began offering medical marijuana in San Francisco Bay Area, via their mobile app.
Insurance
In the United States, health insurance companies may not pay for medical marijuana prescriptions because the Food and Drug Administration must approve any substance for medicinal purposes. Before this could happen, the FDA must first allow studies of medical benefits and substantial losses, which have not been done since it was placed on Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act in 1970. Therefore, all expenses incurred meet medical needs. cannabis recipe may come as an out-of-pocket. However, the New Mexico Appellate Court has ruled that workers compensation insurance must pay marijuana which is determined as part of the country's Medical Cannabis Program.
Medical organization position
Medical organizations that have issued statements to support possible access to medical marijuana include the American Nurses Association, the American Public Health Association, the American Medical Student Association, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Epilepsy Foundation, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Organizations that have issued statements contrary to the legalization of medical marijuana include the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Society of Addiction Medicine. However, AAP also supports rescheduling for the purpose of facilitating research.
The American Medical Association and the American College of Physicians do not take a position on the legalization of medical marijuana, but have called for the classification of Schedule I marijuana for review. The American Family Physician Academy also does not take a position, but supports rescheduling to facilitate research. The American Cancer Society and the American Psychological Association have noted the existing barriers to research on marijuana, and have called on the federal government to allow for more scientific study of the drug.
Use of recreation
The authors report on the 2011 survey of medical marijuana users say that critics have suggested that some users "game system" to get medical marijuana as if to treat a condition, but then use it for nonmedical purposes - although this truth claims it is difficult to measure. The authors of the report suggest that medical cannabis users occupy a "continuum" between medical and nonmedical use.
Brand name
In the US, the FDA has approved two oral cannabinoids for use as a drug: dronabinol and nabilone. Dronabinol, synthetic THC, is listed as Schedule II. Nabilone, synthetic cannabinoids, also Schedule II, show high potential for side effects and addiction. Both received approval for sale in the US in 1985, under the brand name Marinol and Cesamet. Nabiximols, oromukosal sprays from two strains of Cannabis sativa and containing THC and CBD, are not approved in the United States but approved in some European countries, Canada and New Zealand by 2013. By 2018, medical marijuana in Canada is distributed legally to patients enrolled in buds, drops and capsules by companies such as Canopy Growth Corp and Aurora Cannabis.
As an antiemetic, these drugs are usually used when conventional treatments for nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy fail to function.
Nabiximols were used for the treatment of spasticity associated with MS when other therapies were unsuccessful, and when the initial trial showed "meaningful improvement". Trials for FDA approval in the US are underway. It is also approved in some European countries for overactive bladder and vomiting. When sold under the trade name Sativex as a mouth spray, the daily dose determined in Sweden gives a maximum of 32.4 mg of THC and 30 mg of CBD; mild to moderate headache often occurs during the first few weeks.
With respect to inhaled consumption, oral THC peak concentrations are delayed, and it may be difficult to determine the optimal dose due to variability in patient absorption.
In 1964, Albert Lockhart and Manley West began studying the health effects of traditional cannabis use in Jamaican society. They thrived, and in 1987 obtained permission to market, "Canasol" pharmacy, one of the first marijuana extracts.
Research
Medical marijuana research covers every medical research on cannabis use as a treatment for any medical condition. For reasons including an increase in popular support for the use of cannabis, the trend of cannabis legalization, and the perception of medical utility, more scientists are conducting medical marijuana research. Medical marijuana is extensive as a treatment for a variety of conditions, each of which has its own research. Similarly, different countries conduct and respond to medical marijuana research in different ways.
See also
- Charlotte's Web gnomes falter
- Chinese Herbology
- Medical marijuana in the United States
- Tilden Extract
References
Further reading
External links
- Medical marijuana in Curlie (based on DMOZ), link to website about medical marijuana
- Information about Cannabis and Cannabinoids from the U.S. National Cancer Institute
- Information about cannabis (marijuana, marijuana) and cannabinoids from Health Canada
- The Medical Ganja Research Center of the University of California
- Medical Marijuana - a three part CNN documentary 2014-2015 produced by Sanjay Gupta
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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