The Triple Goddess has been adopted by many neopagans as one of their main deities. In the general use of Neopagan the three female figures are often described as Maiden, Mother, and Crone, each of which symbolizes both separate stages in the life cycle of women and the phases of the Moon, and often dominates one of nature, the underworld, and heaven. This may or may not be considered an aspect of a larger single divinity. The goddess of Wicca duisistic theology is sometimes described as the Three Goddesses, her masculine companion is the God of the Horn.
The term triple goddess can be used outside Neopaganism to refer to the triad of historical and single goddess of three forms or aspects.
The Triple Goddess is the subject of much of the early and middle twentieth-century poet, novelist, and myth of the twentieth century, Robert Graves, in his books The White Goddess and The Myths
Many of the neopagan belief systems follow Graves in the use of the Goddess Three, and it continues to be an influence on feminism, literature, Jungian psychology and literary criticism.
Video Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)
Origins
The relationship between the Three Goddesses of neopagan and the ancient religion is debated, although it is not argued that three goddesses are known to be ancient religions; for example, in Stymphalos, Hera is worshiped as Girls, Adults, and Widows.
Ronald Hutton, a scholar of neopaganism, argues that the concept of a three-month goddess as Maiden, Mother, and Crone, each facet associated with the moon phase, is a modern creation of Robert Graves, drawing on 19th and 20th century scholars such as especially Jane Harrison; and also Margaret Murray, James Frazer, another member of the Cambridge "Cambridge mythology and ritual" school, and the occult writer and author of Aleister Crowley. The Triple Goddess here is distinguished by Hutton from the Great Mother Goddess of prehistory, as described by Marija Gimbutas and others, whose ancient worship he deemed unproven or unproven. Nor does Hutton deny that in ancient pagan worship "the partnership of three divine women" Happened; he instead proposed that Jane Harrison seek such a partnership to help explain how the ancient goddesses could become virgins and mothers (the third person of an unnamed triad). Here he according to Hutton "extends" the ideas of the eminent archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who in digging Knossos in Crete has come to the view that prehistoric Krsna people have worshiped a mighty goddess as well as a virgin and mother. In Hutton's view, Evans' opinion owes "an indisputable debt" to Christian belief in the Virgin Mary.
As a poet and myth, Graves claimed the historical basis for the three-goddess, and the ongoing tradition of his cult among poets. Although Graves' work is widely discounted by academics as pseudohistory (see The White Goddess Ã,§ Criticism and The Greek Myths Ã,§ Reception), it continues to have a lasting influence on many areas of Neopaganism.
Pagan author and scholar Raven Grimassi, in his book Old World Witchcraft (Weiser, 2012), and The Witches' Craft (Llewellyn 2002), show that certain ancient writings are highly contrast with the views of experts like Ronald Hutton (he meant specifically). Grimassi presents an ancient literary writing that mentions the basic concept of the goddess of Triformis associated with Magic. One example of the source appears in Lucy's ancient story of a group of magicians, written in the first century BC. In the work of Lucan (LUC, BC 6: 700-01) the magicians made the following comment: "Persephone, which is the third and lowest aspect of our goddess Hecate ..." ' (Lucan: The Civil War , Harvard University Press, 2006) . Grimassi concludes that this source strongly suggests the concept of Witch has triformis or goddess triple (and the idea came almost two thousand years before Gerald Gardner's time). Another example of the source offered by Grimassi is found in Ovid's story (Met 7: 94-95) in which Jason takes an oath to the witch Medea, saying that he will "truly be pure by the sacred rites of the goddess threefold. " (Penguin Classics, Ovid Metamorphoses, 2004) . Grimassi's position is that these sources clearly show that, contrary to the scientific opinion, the basic concept of a respected goddess of trifis in Witchcraft is not a modern construction, and there has been a Romantic era and the work of Gerald Gardner and his followers. It is Grimassi's opinion that "Goddess Three" in Neopaganism is rooted in ancient thought and literature, from which it ultimately originated.
Robert Graves
According to Ronald Hutton, the concept of the Three Goddesses with aspects of Maiden, Mother and Crone and lunar symbology is Robert Graves' contribution to modern paganism. Hutton says that Graves, in his book The White Goddess: Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth (1948), takes Harrison's idea of ​​early European matriarchal goddesses and the image of three aspects, and relates it to Dewi Tiga.
Graves wrote extensively on the subject of the Three Goddesses he sees as the Muse of all true poetry in both ancient and modern literature. He thinks that his ancient worship underlies many of the classical Greek myths although reflected in more or less distorted or incomplete forms. As an example of the extraordinary survival of the "ancient triads" he quotes from classical sources Pausanias Hera worship in three people. Pausanias recorded the ancient worship of Hera Pais (Hera Girl), Hera Teleia (Hera Adult), and Hera Khera (Widow Hera, although Khera can also mean separate or divorced) in a sanctuary supposedly built by Temenus, son of Pelasgus, at Stymphalos. Other examples he gave include the triads of Moira goddesses, Ilythia and Callone ("Death, Birth and Beauty") of the Plato Symposium; the goddess Hecate; rape story Kore, (triads here Graves said Kore, Persephone and Hecate with Demeter the goddess's common name); along with a large number of other configurations. The character he used from outside the Greek myth is about the Three Goddesses of the Moon Ngame, which Graves said was still worshiped in 1960.
Graves regards "true poetry" as inspired by Dewi Tiga, as an example of his continuing influence in English poetry he exemplified "Garland of Laurell" by the English poet John Skelton (c.1460-1529) - Diana in green, Luna is so brightly dazzled, Persephone in Hell. - like evoking his Triple Goddess in the three realms, the sky, and the underworld. Skelton is here following the Latin Ovid poet. James Frazer, Golden Golden Bough, centered around the worship of the Roman goddess, Diana Nemorensis who has 3 aspects, ruled heaven, earth, and the underworld, and was associated primarily with the moon.
Graves states that his Triple Goddess is the Great Goddess "in his poetic character or his spell", and that the goddess in his ancient form takes the gods of waxing and dims consecutive years as his lover. Graves believed that the Three Goddesses were the original gods also from Britain, and that the traces of his worship survived early in modern English magic and in the various attitudes of modern British culture as what Graves believed to be a preference for a sovereign woman.
In anthology (Greek Myth) (1955), Graves systematically applies his faith enshrined in The White Goddess to Greek mythology, exposing a large number of readers to his various theories of the goddess. worship in ancient Greece. The grave presupposes that the Greeks had been inhabited by people who worshiped the matriarchal goddess before being attacked by a patriarchal Indo-European speaker wave from the north. Many of the Greek myths in his view record consecutive religious and political accommodation until the final victory of patriarchy. Graves did not create this picture but it is interesting from scholarship of the 19th century and early twentieth century. This account has not been denied, but an alternative explanation has emerged, and it is not accepted as a consensus view. The 20th-century archaeologist Marija Gimbutas (see below) also argued for the ancient Roman neolithic worshiped by a modified god and was ultimately overwhelmed by waves of partial invaders although he saw this neolithic civilization as egalitarian and "matristic" rather than "matriarchal" in gynocratic meaning.
In the 1910 novel of Seven Days in New Crete, Graves extrapolates this theory into a imagined future society in which the worship of the Goddess of Three (under the three aspects of the NimuÃÆ'½ archer girl, the motherly goddess and sexuality of Mari, and the god-goddess goddess) is the main form of religion.
Jane Ellen Harrison
In his discussion of James Mellaart's theories about ÃÆ'â € atalhÃÆ'¶yÃÆ'¼k, Lynn Meskell says it is possible that Goddess Three comes from Jane Ellen Harrison's work. Harrison affirms the existence of a female trinity, discussing Horae as a chronological symbol representing the Moon's phase and continuing to equate Horae with Seasons, the Graces and the Fate. and three seasons of the ancient Greek year, and notes that "[T] he matriarchal goddess may have reflected three stages of a woman's life."
Ronald Hutton menulis:
[Harrison's] work, both celebrated and controversial, presupposes the earlier existence of a peaceful and highly creative woman-centered civilization, in which man, living in harmony with nature and their own emotions, worshiped a female god. Gods are considered to represent the earth, and have three aspects, where the first two are Maiden and Mother; he did not mention the third name.... Following his work, the idea of ​​early European matristics that had glorified such gods was developed in books by amateur scholars such as Robert Briffault's The Mothers (1927) and Robert Graves's The White Goddess (1946).
John Michael Greer menulis:
Harrison proclaims that Europe itself has been the site of a beautiful matriarchal civilization, the goddess goddess just before the beginning of recorded history, and spoke bitterly about the catastrophic consequences of the devastating Indo-European invasion. In the hands of later writers such as Robert Graves, Jacquetta Hawkes, and Marija Gimbutas, this 'lost civilization of the goddess' came to play the same role in many modern Pagan communities as did Atlantis and Lemuria in Theosophy.
The school of "myth and ritual" or Cambridge Ritualist, of which Harrison was a key figure, while controversial in his time, is now considered to be passing in intellectual and academic terms. According to Robert Ackerman, "[T] he reasoned Ritualists had fallen into displeasure... had not their statements been contested by new information... Ritualism was erased not by access to new facts but new theories."
Ronald Hutton writes about the rejection of the "Great Goddess" theory in particular: "The influence on professional prehistory is to make the most of it back, quietly and without controversy, to the cautious agnosticism as in the ancient religious traits that had largely been preserved until 1940 There is no absolute annihilation of the worship of the Great Goddess, only a demonstration that the relevant evidence recognizes an alternative explanation. "
Marija Gimbutas
The Marija Gimbutas Scholar theory associated with pre-Indo-European-era "Old Europe" cultures (6500-3500 BC) has been widely adopted by New Age and eco-feminist groups. He has been called the "Grandmother of the Goddess Movement" in the 1990s.
Gimbutas postulates that in the "Old Europe", the Aegean and the Near East, the three great Goddesses are worshiped, preceding what he regarded as a patriarchal religion imported by Kurgans, an Indo-European nomadic speaker. Gimbutas interprets the iconography of the Neolithic and the earlier periods of European historical evidence of the cult of a triple goddess represented by:
- "rigid nudes", birds of prey or poisonous snakes are defined as "death"
- mother-figure is defined as the symbol of "birth and fertility"
- a moth, butterfly or bee, or alternatively a symbol such as a frog, hedgehog or bull head interpreted as a womb or fetus, as a symbol of "regeneration"
The first and third aspects of the Goddess, according to Gimbutas, are often combined to make the goddess of death and regeneration represented in folklore by figures such as Baba Yaga. Gimbutas regards the Eleusinian Mysteries as the genuineness of classical authenticity from this ancient goddess worship, a suggestion favored by Georg Luck.
Skepticism about Old Europe's adult-centered theses is widespread in the academic community. The work of Gimbutas in this field has been criticized as false because of the dating, context and archaeological typology, with most archaeologists assuming the hypothesis of the god unreasonable. Lauren Talalay, reviewing Gimbutas' last book, The Living Goddesses, says it reads "more like a testament of faith than a well-crafted thesis," stating that "Just because triangles schematically imitate women in the pubic area, or hedgehogs resembling a uterus (!), or a dog allied with death in Classical mythology, it is almost unjustifiable to associate all these images with a 'powerful goddess of regeneration.' "Lynn Meskell considers such an approach" irresponsible ". However, the linguist M. L West has called the "Old Europe" religion based on the Goddess Gimbutas who was defeated by a patriarchal Indo-European "basically healthy".
The academic rejection of his theory has been voiced by several feminist writers, including Cynthia Eller. Others argue that his account challenges men-centered history and creates strong myths about women's empowerment. John Chapman points out that Dewi Gimbutas's theory is a poetic projection of his personal life, based on his childhood and his ideal youth.
Maps Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)
Contemporary beliefs and practices
While many Neopagans are not Wiccan, and in Neopaganism practice and theology vary greatly, many Wiccans and other neopagan people worship the "Goddess Three" of girls, mothers and grandmothers, a practice that will return to England in the mid- 20. In their view, sexuality, pregnancy, breastfeeding - and other female reproductive processes - is the way that women can manifest the Goddess, making the physical body sacred.
- The Girl represents the new charm, beginning, expansion, new promise, birth, youth and youthful enthusiasm, represented by a growing moon;
- The mother represents maturity, fertility, sexuality, satisfaction, stability, strength and life represented by the full moon;
- Crone represents wisdom, rest, death, and the end represented by the full moon.
The sign of a triple goddess identified with the Greek moon goddess:
- Artemis - Girl, because she is a virgin goddess of hunting;
- Selene - Mother, since she is the mother of Endymion's children and loves her;
- Hecate - Crone, as he is associated with the underworld and magic, and is considered the "Witch of the Witch".
Helen Berger writes that "according to the believer, this echoes the stage of a woman's life enabling women to identify with gods in an impossible way since the advent of patriarchal religion." The Church of All Worlds is one example of a neopagan organization that identifies the Three Goddesses as a symbol of the "fertility cycle". This model should also include the personification of all the characteristics and potential of every woman that ever existed. Other beliefs held by pilgrims, such as the author of Wiccan D. J. Conway, include that reconnection with the Great Goddess is essential to human health "at all levels". Conway included the Greek goddess Demeter, Kore-Persephone, and Hecate, in his discussion of the Maiden-Mother-Crone archetype. For Conway, the Three Goddesses stand for unity, cooperation, and participation with all creation, while the male deities symbolize separation, separation and domination of nature. These views are criticized by members of neopagan and academic communities as reaffirming gender stereotypes and are symbolically unable to adequately address the current ethical and environmental situation of humans.
Dianic Wicca
The Dianic tradition adopted Graves's Triple Goddess, along with other elements of Wicca, and was named after the goddess Roman Diana, the goddess of witches in Charles Godfrey Leland's 1899 book Aradia. Zsuzsanna Budapest, widely regarded as the founder of Dianic Wicca, considers his god "the original Holy Trinity: Virgin, Mother, and Eaters." Dianic Wiccans like Ruth Barrett, Budapest follower and co-founder of Temple of Diana, use Triple Goddess in ritual work and equate "special directions" from "above," "center", and "below "to Maiden, Mother, and Crone respectively. Barrett said "Dianics honor He who has been called by his daughters all the time, in many places, and by many names."
Archetypal Neopagan Theory
Some neopagans claim that the worship of the Three Goddesses Dates to pre-Christian Europe and probably goes as far as the Paleolithic period and consequently claims that their religion is a remnant of ancient beliefs that are still alive. They believe that the Three Goddesses are an archetypal figure emerging in a number of different cultures throughout human history, and that many individual goddesses can be interpreted as the Goddess of Three, The widespread acceptance of archetypal theories has led to neopagans adopting the images and names of the gods culturally diverse for ritual purposes; for example, Conway, and feminist artist Dewi Monica SjÃÆ'¶ÃÆ'¶, connecting the Three Goddesses to the Hindu Tridevi (literally "three goddesses") from Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Parvati (Kali/Durga).
Jungian Psychology
Some Wicca supporters, such as Vivianne Crowley and Selena Fox, are practicing psychologists or psychotherapists, and Jung's work has a major influence on their work. Wouter J. Hanegraaff commented that Crowley's works can give the impression that Wicca is little more than religious translations and Jungian psychology rituals.
The Triple Goddess as an archetype is discussed in the works of Carl Jung and Karl Kerà © nyi, and the later works of their followers, Erich Neumann. Jung considers the general arrangement of gods in triads as a pattern that appears at the most primitive level of human cultural development and development.
In 1949 Jung and KerÃÆ'Â © nyi theorized that a group of three goddesses found in Greece became quaternities only by association with the male god. They modeled Diana only into three (Princess, Wife, Mother) through her relationship with Zeus, the male god. They went on to state that different cultures and groups associate different numbers and cosmological bodies with gender. "The threefold division [this year] is tied closely to the primitive form of Demeter the goddess, who is also Hecate, and Hecate can claim to be the lover of the three realms, and his relationship with the moon, corn and nature of the dead are the three basic attributes of nature The holy goddess is a special number of the underworld: '3' dominates ancient worship from ancient times. "
Karl Kerenyi wrote in 1952 that some Greek goddesses were the three-month-old goddess of the Maiden Mother Crone type, including Hera and others.
In discussing the example of the Queen Mother archetypes, Neumann mentions Fate as "a threefold form of the Great Mother", specifies that "the reason for their appearance in three or nine, or more rarely doubled, should be sought in the three folds of underlying articulation created here, but here it refers primarily to the three temporal stages of all growth (beginning-middle-end, birth-life-death, past-present-future). "Andrew Von Hendy claims that Neumann's theory is based on reason circular, in which the Eurocentric view of world mythology is used as evidence for a universal model of individual psychological development that reflects the sociocultural model of evolution derived from European mythology.
Valerie H. Mantecon follows Annis V. Pratt that the Three Maiden Goddesses, Mother and Crone are the invention of the emerging men and the bias of feminine androcentric views, and thus the symbolism often has no real meaning or is used in depth. -psychology for women. Mantecon points out that a feminist who visualizes Crone's symbolism away from his usual relationship with "death" and towards "wisdom" can be useful in women who turn to the menopausal phase of life and that the sense of history that comes from working with mythological symbols adds a sense of meaning to the experience.
The figure of Goddess Three is used by feminist goddess for the role and treatment of society critical to woman. The literary critic Jeanne Roberts sees the rejection of a figure controlled by Christians in the Middle Ages as the root cause of the wizards' persecution.
Fiction, movies, and literary criticism
Author Margaret Atwood remembers reading Graves's The White Goddess at age 19. Atwood describes Graves's concept of Dewi Tiga as the use of violent images and misconceptions, and says the restrictive role that this model puts in creative women puts him into a writer. Atwood's work has been recorded as the Three Goddess motifs that sometimes seem to fail and parody. Atwood's Lady Oracle has been cited as a deliberate parody of the Triple Goddess, which undermines the figure and ultimately frees the main female character of a model that suppresses Graves' feminine creativity.
The literary critic Andrew D. Radford discusses the symbolism of Thomas Hardy's novel in 1891 Tess of the d'Urbervilles , in which Myths see Maiden and Mother as the two phases of a woman's life cycle that Tess passes while the Crone, Tess adopted as a disguise preparing him for a terrible experience.
The concept of triple goddess has been applied to Shakespeare's feminist reading.
Thomas DeQuincey develops a female trinity, Our Lady of Tears, Lady of Sighs and Our Lady of Darkness, in Suspiria De Profundis, which has been likened to Graves's Triple Goddess but stamped with DeQuincey's own melancholic sensitivity.
According to the Juliette Wood scholar, modern fantasy fiction plays a major role in the conceptual landscape of the neo-pagan world. The three supernatural female characters called the Woman, The Mother of Camenae, the Friendly, and a number of different names in the comic book The Neighbor by Neil Gaiman combine the figures of the Fate and Goddess of the Goddess-Mother- Crone. Alan Garner The Owl Service, based on the fourth branch of Mabinogion and influenced by Robert Graves, clearly portrays the character of the Three Goddesses. Garner goes a step further in his other novels, making every female character deliberately represent aspects of the Three Goddesses. In George RR Martin's series A Song of Ice and Fire, Maid, Mother, and Crone are three aspects of the god of septune in Faith of the Seven, just like the triple neopagan goddesses combined in Marion Zimmer Bradley's > The Mists of Avalon . Terry Pratchett also includes variations on this theme.
Graves's Triple Goddess motif has been used by Norman Holland to explore the female character in the movie Alfred Hitchcock Vertigo . Roz Kaveney sees the main characters in the film James Cameron Aliens as: The Alien Queen (Crone), Ripley (Mother) and Newt (Maiden).
American heavy metal band The Sword, "Maiden, Mother & Crone", on their album Gods of the Earth, describes a meeting with Triple Goddess. This video clearly shows three aspects of the goddess and moon that are getting brighter, fuller, and faded.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments