Wherever there is a belief in the continued existence of the human personality through and after death, religion naturally takes account of itself with the relationship between the living and the dead. And where the idea of ​​a future judgment or the Resurrection of the Dead or Purgatory exists, prayer is often offered in the name of the dead to God.
Video Prayer for the dead
Buddhism
Throughout the reading of Buddhist sutras such as the Sutra of the Great Vows of the Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, the Amitabha Sutra or the Intan Sutra, Ritsu offered protection, the Pure Land Buddha nianfo or sang Pure Land Rebirth Dh? Ra ?? and Tibetan Buddhists say Om mani padme humming repeatedly. Prayers such as Namo Ratnasikhin Tathagata are for animals.
Maps Prayer for the dead
Christianity
New Testament
A passage in the New Testament that may refer to the prayer of the dead is found in 2 Timothy 1: 16-18, which reads as follows:
- "May God forgive the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshes me, and is not ashamed of my chains, but when he is in Rome, he seeks me diligently, and finds me (God) to him to find mercy God on that day), and in how many things he serves in Ephesus, you know very well. "
As with the verses of 2 Maccabees, these verses refer to prayer that will help the dead "on that day" (perhaps Judgment Day, see also the end times). It was not mentioned that Onesiphorus, who was crucified by Saint Paul, had died, although some scholars concluded this, based on the way Paul referred only to him in the past, and prayed for his current blessing in his household, but only for him "that day". And towards the end of the same letter, in 2 Timothy 4:19, Paul sends greetings to "Prisca and Aquila, and the house of Onesiphorus," which distinguishes Onesiphorus's situation from the survivors of Priska and Aquila.
Tradition
The prayer of the dead is well documented in early Christianity, both among the prominent Church Fathers and the Christian community in general. In the Eastern Orthodox Church Christians pray for "souls as have gone by faith, but without the time to bear fruit worthy of repentance". In the Catholic Church, the help that the dead received with prayer on their behalf was associated with a purification process known as purgatory. While the prayers for the dead continue in both traditions and in the tradition of Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Churches in the East, many Protestant groups reject the practice.
The tomb of the Abercius Christians from the Hieropolis in Phrygia (later in the 2nd century) contains the inscription: "Let every friend who sees this prayer for me", namely Abercius, who speaks to the first person.
Inscriptions in the Roman catacombs bear similar testimony to the practice, with the occurrence of phrases such as:
- May you live among the saints (3rd century);
- May God refresh the soul...Ã,;
- Peace with them .
Among Church writers Tertullian (230) is the first to mention prayers for the dead: "A widow who does not pray for her dead husband is as good as divorcing her". This passage occurs in one of his later writings, dating from the beginning of the 3rd century. The subsequent writers in the same way called the practice as common, unlawful or even debatable (until Arius challenged him towards the end of the 4th century). The most famous example is the prayer of Saint Augustine for his mother, Monica, at the end of her ninth book Confessions, written about 398.
An important element in the Christian liturgy of both East and West consists of diptych, or lists of life and death names commemorated in the Eucharist. To be included in this list is a confirmation of the orthodoxy of a person, and from that practice grows the official canonization of the saints; on the other hand, the removal of names is a curse.
In the middle of the 3rd century, St. Cyprian ordered that no public offering or prayer be made for the deceased lay man who had violated the rules of the Church by appointing a guardian of the scholar under his will: "He should not be named in a pastor's prayer that has done his best to hold the pastor from the altar. "
Although it is impossible, as a rule, to mention the date for the exact words used in the ancient liturgy, but the universal event of diptych and a definite prayer for the dead in all parts of the Christian Church, East and West, in the 4th century and 5 shows how primitive such a prayer is. The language used in prayer for the deceased asks for rest and is free of pain and grief. A part of the St. James Liturgy reads:
Remember, Lord, the God of the Spirit and all the flesh, those we remember and those we have not remembered, true believers, from the righteous Abel to this day; did you give them rest there in the land of your life, in your kingdom, in the joy of God, in the bosom of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our fathers, from where sorrow and anguish and noise have fled, where your face is bright visit them and always approach them.
Public prayers are offered only to those who are believed to have died as faithful members of the Church. But Saint Perpetua, who was martyred in 202, believed that he had been encouraged in a vision to pray for his brother, who had died in the eighth year, was almost certainly not baptized; and the vision then convinces him that his prayer is answered and he has been translated from punishment. Saint Augustine thought it necessary to show that the narrative was not a canonical Scripture, and argued that the child may have been baptized.
Eastern Christianity
Theology
Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy believe in the possibility of changing the situation for the souls of the dead through the prayers of the living, and rejecting the term "purgatory". Prayer for the dead is encouraged in the belief that it is useful to them, though how the prayers of faithful help left behind are not explained. Eastern Orthodox only believes that tradition teaches that prayer should be made for the dead.
The Holy of Holies (379), a saint of unbounded Christianity, writes in His Third Kneelling Prayer on the Day of Pentecost: "Oh Christ, our God... at this very perfect Party, this art is gladly accepted prayer for those imprisoned in the hades, promises to those arrested in the slavery of great hopes to escape from vilena that prevented us and hinder them... lower your comforts... and build their souls in the fair houses of the Fair, and will gladly assure them of peace and forgiveness, for not the dead will praise you, Lord, not those who are in Hell will dare to offer you confession, but we who live will bless you, and will pray, and offer to You are praying sacrifices and sacrifices to their souls. "
Saint Gregory Dialogus (604) in his famous Dialogues (written in 593) teaches that, "The Sacred Sacrifice (Eucharistic) of Christ, our Sacrificial Victim, brings great benefit to the soul even after death, their sins (like) can be forgiven in the life to come. " Gregory goes on to say, the practice of Church prayer for the dead should not be the reason for not living a godly life on earth. "A safer road, of course, is to do for ourselves during life what we expect others to do for us after death." Pastor Seraphim Rose (1982) said, "Church prayer can not save anyone who does not want salvation, or who has never offered a podvig for himself during his lifetime."
Praxis Orthodox Eastern
The prayers for the dead have the purpose of praying for the dead, to comfort the living, and to remind those who remain from their own mortality. For this reason, the memorial service has an air of regret about them.
Church prayers for the dead begin at the moment of death, when the pastor leads the Prayers at the Departure of the Soul, which consists of a special Canon and prayers for the release of the soul. Then the body is washed, dressed and placed in a coffin, then the priest begins First Panikhida (the prayer service for the go). After the First Panikhida, family and friends began to read the Psalms aloud beside the coffin. This reading continues and ends until the next morning, where usually the funeral is held, until the time orthros .
Orthodox Christians offer very strong prayers to those who have died the first 40 days after death. Traditionally, in addition to the service on the day of death, a funeral ceremony was performed at the request of a relative of an individual who died on the following occasions:
- Third day after death
- Ninth day of the week
- Day four
- First warning of death
- Third warnings (some will ask anniversaries anniversary on the death warning)
In addition to the pancreatic for the individual, there are also days throughout the year set aside as a special general warning of the dead, when all the Orthodox Christians who are departing will be prayed together (this is especially to benefit those who have no one on earth to pray for them). The majority of these public memories fall into various "Soul Saturday" throughout the year (mostly during Great Lent). In these days, in addition to normal Panikhida, there is a special addition to Vesper and Matins, and there will be added propers for added added to the Divine Liturgy. These general commemorative days are: - two days before the Great Lent begins - in some family traditions and friends will offer Panichidas for their loved one for a week, culminating on a public alert on Saturday
The most important form of prayer for the dead occurs in the Divine Liturgy. Particles were cut from prosphoron during Proskomedie at the beginning of the Liturgy. These particles are placed under the Lamb (Host) on the disco, where they remain throughout the Liturgy. After the Communion of the faithful, the deacon brushed these particles into a bowl, saying, "Wash, O Lord, the sins of all people here are remembered, by Your Precious Blood, through the prayers of all your saints." From this action, St. Mark of Ephesians says, "We can not do better or greater for the dead than to pray for them, offering a warning to them in the Liturgy, which they always need... The body does not feel anything, what: it does not see the close people who have gathered, do not smell the flowers, do not hear the funeral oration, but the soul feels the prayers offered for it and thanks to those who make them and spiritually close to them. "
Usually, candidates for purity, before their Glorification (Canonization) as a saint, will be remembered by serving Panichidas. Then, on the night of their breeding will be served a particularly dedicated Requiem, known as "The Last Panic."
Roman Catholic Church
In the West there is much evidence of the habits of praying for the dead in catacombs inscriptions, with their constant prayers for peace and refreshment of the souls of those who have died and in the early liturgy, which usually contains the warning of the dead; and Tertulianus, Siprianus, and other early Western Fathers witnessed the regular practice of prayer for the dead among the early Christians.
However, in the case of Christians who have been martyred, it is felt that it is not proper to pray "for" the martyrs, for they are believed to need no such prayers, since they are immediately passed on to Heavenly Vision Heaven. Theoretically, also, the prayer for those who are in hell (understood as the abandoned dwelling place) will not be useful, but because there is no certainty that any particular person in hell understands in that sense, the prayers are there and offered for all who died. , except those believed in heaven. It is prayed, not for. Thus, prayers are given to all the people of Hades, the abode of the unknown dead in heaven, sometimes regarded as "hell". With the development of purgatory doctrine, the prayed dead are said to be in purgatory and, given the certainty that through the process of purification and with the help of the prayers of the faithful they are destined for heaven, they are called "holy souls".
The borders are placed on public Mass offerings for unbaptized, non-Catholic, and well-known sinners, but prayer and even Mass personally can be said for them. The canon law of the Catholic Church today states that, unless the person gives some signs of repentance before death, there is no funeral Mass offered for apostate, apostate, and schismatic people; those who for anti-Christian motives choose that their bodies are cremated; and other real sinners to whom the Church's funeral can not be given without a public scandal to the faithful.
On the other hand, "as long as their own ministers are not available, baptized people belonging to non-Catholic Churches or ecclesiastical communities may, in accordance with the wise judgment of local Ordinance, be allowed Church funeral services, unless it is determined that they do not want this. "
During the First World War massacre, Pope Benedict XV on August 10, 1915, allowed all priests everywhere to say three Masses on All Soul's Day. Two extra Mass did not at all benefit the priest himself: the first offered to all the faithful departed, the other for the Pope's purpose, who at that time was considered to be the victim of all the wars. Permission fixed.
Every Eucharistic Prayer, including the ancient Roman Canon, of the Order of the Mass has a prayer for the deceased.
In the Communio Sanctorum, the Lutheran and the Roman Catholic Church in Germany agree that prayer for the dead "corresponds to the communion where we are bound together in Christ... with those who are dead to pray for them and to praise they are... for God's mercy. "Likewise, in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Roman Catholic Church formulated the statement of the Eternal Life Hope, which confirms that" there is a fellowship between the living and the dead on the other hand... The prayer of prayer from the dead to God is beneficial to the burial of the graveyard... As far as the resurrection of the dead and the last judgment is a future event, it is desirable to pray for the mercy of God for everyone, to entrust one to God's mercy. "
Anglicanism
The Church of England's 1549 The Book of the Common Prayer still has a prayer for the dead, such as (in the Communion Service): "We praise thy mercies all thy servants, who depart out of us by the sign of faith and are now resting in sleep peacefully: give them, we ask you, your eternal grace and peace. "But since 1552, the Book of Common Prayer has no express prayer for the dead, and the practice is condemned in Homily" On Prayer "(part 3). Nonjurors included prayers for the dead, practices that spread within the Church of England in the mid-nineteenth century, and were authorized in 1900 for troops serving in South Africa and since then in other forms of ministry. Many jurisdictions and parishes of the Anglo-Catholic tradition continue to practice prayer for the dead, including presenting Sunday's liturgy to the peace of the so-called abandoned Christians and guarding the Day of All Souls.
The Episcopal Episcopal Prayer Book of 1979 included a prayer for the dead. Prayers during the Sunday Eucharistic Liturgy include intercession for the rest of the dead faithful. In addition, most of the prayers in the funerary ceremony are for the deceased, including the opening collection:
O God, whose generosity can not be numbered: Receive our prayer in the name of your servant, and give him the entrance to the land of light and joy in the fellowship of your saints; through Jesus Christ, your Son, our Lord, living and uniting you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and forever. Amin.
According to the Catechism in the General Prayer Book of 1979, "We pray for (the dead), for we still hold them in our love, and because we believe that in the presence of God those who have chosen to serve him will grow in their love. look at it like him. "Although this statement shows that prayer is usually made for those who are known to have become members of the Church (" those who have chosen to serve it "), prayers are also offered for those whose faith is uncertain or unknown - the official option in burial rites The Book of Prayer allows prayers that thereby entrust the deceased to the grace of God while retaining the integrity of what is known about the religious life of the dead. For example, following the intercession, there are two options for concluding prayer: the first begins, "Lord Jesus Christ, we entrust to you our brothers (sisters) N., reborn by water and the Holy Spirit in Baptism... "; the second, however, would be appropriate for the one whose faith and standing before God is unknown:
Father of all, we pray to you for N., and for everyone we love but do not see anymore. Give them eternal rest. Let the lasting light shine on them. May the soul and soul of all who die, through the grace of God, rest in peace. Amin.
Protestantism
Lutheran Church
To entertain a woman whose son was not born and baptized, Martin Luther wrote in 1542: "In short, try to be above all that you are a true Christian and that you teach a heartfelt desire and pray to God in true faith, in that case or in any other matter, then do not be disappointed with your child or yourself, knowing that your prayer is pleasing to God and that God will do everything far better than you can understand or want. "Call me," he said in Psalm 50. 'In the day of trouble I will set you free, and you will glorify Me.' For this reason, we can not condemn such infants. Believers and Christians have dedicated their longing and longing for them. "In the same year 1542 he stated in his book Lutheran Reformers do not emphasize prayer for the dead, because they believe that practice has caused many offenses and even false doctrines, especially the doctrine of purgatory and Mass as sacrificial sacrifices for the dead. But they acknowledge that the early Church had prayed for the dead, and accepted it in principle. So in the 1580 Book of Concord, the Lutheran Church taught: "... we know that the ancients spoke of prayer for the dead, which we do not forbid, but we do not approve of the application of ex opere operato of the Lord's Supper in the name of the dead." The largest Lutheran denomination in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, "remember those who are faithful to go in the Prayer of the People every Sunday, including those who have recently died and those who are remembered in the church calendars of the saints." In the Evangelical Lutheran Church Funeral Ceremony, "the deceased was prayed for" use "praise:" keep our brothers/sisters... in the company of all your saints. And finally... raise him/her to share with all the faithful, joy and endless peace won through the glorious resurrection of Christ our Lord. '"The response to the prayers of the dead in this Lutheran liturgy is the prayer of the Eternal Rest:" Rest forever, may he, Lord and let eternal light shine upon him. On the other hand, Luther's Small Catechism editions widely used among the communicants of the Lutheran-Missouri Church Synod recommend:
For whom should we pray?... We must pray for ourselves and for all others, even for our enemies, but not for the souls of the dead.
These questions and answers do not appear in Luther's original text, but reflect the twentieth century Lutheran view that adds this explanation to the catechism. Similarly, the conservative Lutheran denominational WELS teaches:
The Lutheran does not pray for dead souls. When someone dies his soul goes to heaven or hell. There is no second chance after death. The Bible tells us, "Man is destined to die once and then to face judgment" (Hebrews 9:27, see also Luke 16: 19-31). There is no point in praying for someone who has died.
Methodist Church
John Wesley, founder of the Methodist Church, states: "I believe it is a duty to observe, to pray for the Faithful to Depart". He "teaches Modesty to Pray for the Dead, put it into practice, give Forms that others may have." The two such prayers in the Form are "O grasp that we, with those who have died in your faith and fear, can together share part of the uplifting resurrection" as well as "Twelve your unlimited love, the vouchsafe to take us, with the dead in you, to rejoice together before thee. " Thus, many Methodists pray "for those who sleep." Shane Raynor, a Methodist writer, explains the practice that "it is worth praying for others in society, even across space and time", referring to the Communion of Saints doctrine to be "a community of all past, present, and Christian future ". In a joint statement with the Catholic Church in England and Wales, the British Methodist Church affirmed that "Methodists who pray for the dead thus praise them for God's continuing mercy."
Moravian Church
In its Easter liturgy, the Moravian Church prays for those who "go in the faith of Christ" and "give [s] thanks for their holy departure".
Other churches
Prayer for the dead is not practiced by members of Baptist churches and nondenominational Christian churches. For example, members of the Baptist church argue that "the dead do not benefit from prayer, sacrifice, & living."
LDS Church
The LDS Church has a number of sacred ordinances and rituals performed for the dead. The chief among these is baptism for the dead and sealing of the dead to the family. These practices are based on several New Testament books, some of which are 1 Corinthians 15: 29-32, Matthew 16:19
Hinduism
In Hinduism there is a funeral address with a prayer for the dead. Many of these burial speeches are read from the Mahabharata, usually in Sanskrit. Family members will pray all over the body as soon as possible after Death. People try to avoid touching the corpse because it is considered contaminating.
The following is an example of a funeral speech that might be read out during the Hindu burial.
The wise have said that the Atman is immortal :
And that the phenomenon of death is merely the separation of the astral body from the physical body. The five elements whose bodies are composed back to the source. The scriptures teach us that when pilgrims come together and separate at public lodgings, so do fathers, mothers, sons, brothers, wives, united and separate relationships in this world. He who thus understands the nature of the body and all human relationships based on it will gain strength to bear the loss of our loved ones. In the Divine plan, one day every union must end with separation.
Many of these speeches are collections of scriptural texts on life and death.
Islam
In Islam, Muslims from their community gather for their mutual prayer for the forgiveness of the dead, prayer recited and this prayer is known as Salat al-Janazah (Janazah prayer).
Janazah prayer is as follows:
such as Eid al-Fitr, Janazah prayer incorporates an additional (four) Takbir, Arabic name for the sentence of Godu Akbar, but there is no Ruku '(bowing) and Sujud (prostrate).
Prayer for the dead and mankind is recited.
In extraordinary circumstances, prayer can be delayed and prayed at other times as it was done in the Uhud War.
Dogma states that it is mandatory for any Muslim adult male to perform a funeral prayer after the death of a Muslim, but the dogma includes practice in that it qualifies, when the Janazah is performed by a handful of it alleviates that obligation for all.
In addition, "Peace with it" (sometimes abbreviated as PBUH) is a recurring prayer for the dead as Muhammad.
Judaism
Prayer for the dead part of the Jewish service. The prayers offered in the deceased's name consist of: The Reading of the Psalms; Read three times daily prayer in Aramaic language known as Kaddish . Kaddish actually means "Sanctification" (or "Prayer from Kudus") which is the "In Praise of God" prayer; or other special memory known as Yizkor ; as well as Hazkara which are said to be well-known on the annual warning known as Yahrzeit as well on Jewish holidays.
The form used in England contains the following passage: "Have mercy on him, forgive all his transgressions... Place his soul in the shadow of your wings, Make him know the way of life."
El Maleh Rachamim is the true Jewish prayer for the dead, though it is less known than Mourner's Kaddish. While the Kaddish did not mention death but asserted the firm beliefs of the mourners in God's favor, El Maleh Rachamim was a prayer for the rest of the dead. There are various translations for native Hebrews which vary significantly. One version reads:
God, full of grace, dwells in heaven 'altitude, carrying the proper rest under your Shechinah wings, in the midst of the holy and pure ranks, illuminating the heavenly excellence of our beloved souls and we are blameless who go to their eternal resting place. May you be the source of compassion protect them under your wings forever, and tie their souls among the living, so that they can rest quietly. And let's say: Amen.
The record of the Jewish prayer and sacrifices for the dead during the time of the Maccabees is referred to in 2 Maccabees, a book written in Greek, which although not accepted as part of the Jewish Bible, is regarded as canonical by Eastern Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church:
But under the tunic of each of the dead, they found the sacred amulets for the idols of Jamnia, which were forbidden by law by the Jews. So it is clear to all that this is why these people were killed. Therefore, they all praised the ways of God, the just judge who revealed the hidden. Turning to the petition, they pray that the act of sin is completely abolished. The noble Judas warned the soldiers to free themselves from sin, for they had seen with their own eyes what had happened because of their fallen sins. He then took the collection among all his soldiers, who numbered two thousand drachmas silver, which he sent to Jerusalem to provide sacrificial sacrifices. In doing this he acts in a very grand and noble way, insofar as he has the resurrection of the dead in view; because if he did not expect the fallen man to rise again, it would be useless and foolish to pray for them in death. But if he does this with a view to a beautiful reward awaiting those who have gone to rest in piety, it is a pure and godly mind. So he makes atonement for the dead in order for them to be delivered from this sin.
Jacques Le Goff, French historian and agnostic, concluded, "during Judas Maccabeus-around 170 BC, an innovative innovative prayer period for the dead was not practiced, but a century later was practiced by certain Jews."
This extract does not explain the reason for what Le Goff argued was that the prayer for the dead was not used in the first half of the 2nd century BC. The story of Judas Maccabaeus's action was written in the middle of the second half of the same century, around 124 BC, and in the view of Philip Schaff the mention of prayers for the dead "seems to imply habit".
Taoism
Taoist chant Qinghuahao (???) or Jiukujing (???).
Other religions
Zoroaster sings a prayer at the funeral.
In Bahá'ÃÆ' Iman prayer is required only when the deceased is over fifteen years old.
There are prayers in other religions.
See also
- All Soul's Day
- Baptism for the dead
- The Book of the Dead
- Saints' intercession
- Requiem
- Saturday of Souls
- Respect for the dead
- Respect for the saints
Note
External links
- Prayer for the Dead article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Papal Document Declaring Simplification of Indulgences from Vatican website, by producing Indulgence Manual
- http://www.ou.org/yerushalayim/yizkor/emman.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100715181550/http://www.ritualwell.org/lifecycles/death/funeralburial/21 El Maley Rahamim.xml
- http://www.hinduism.co.za/funerals.htm#
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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