A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares for someone else's child. The wet nurse is employed if the mother dies, or if she is unable or chooses not to care for the child herself. Children who are breast-fed can be known as "dairy brothers," and in some family cultures are linked by the special relationship of dairy kinship. Mothers who breast-feed each baby are involved in reciprocal acts known as cross nursing or nursing colleagues . Wetnursing exists in cultures around the world until the invention of reliable formula in the 20th century.
Video Wet nurse
Reason
A wet nurse can help when a mother is unable or unwilling to feed her baby. Before the development of infant formulas in the 20th century, when a mother can not breastfeed, wetnurse is the only way to save a baby's life.
There are many reasons why a mother can not produce enough milk, or in some cases for lactation at all. The reasons include a serious or chronic illness of the mother and her treatment that creates temporary difficulties for breastfeeding. In addition, mothers who take drugs (prescription or recreation) may require a wet nurse if the drug in any way changes the content of breast milk.
There is also an increased need for wetnurses when maternal abandonment rates, and maternal mortality during childbirth, are high.
Some women choose not to breastfeed for social reasons. Many of these women are found to be in the upper class. For them, breastfeeding is considered out of date, in the sense that it not only prevents these women from being able to wear fashionable clothes at their time but is also considered to be damaging their figures. Mothers also do not have the support of their husbands to breastfeed their children, because hiring a wet nurse is cheaper than having to hire someone else to help run a family business and/or take care of family household tasks in their place. Some women choose to employ pure wet nurses to escape the limited and time-consuming feeding duties. The wet nurse has also been used when a mother can not produce enough milk, that is, the mother feels unable to properly care for her child, especially after the birth of twins.
Maps Wet nurse
Milk that excludes milk
A woman can only act as a wet nurse if she is breastfeeding (producing milk). It was once believed that a wet nurse should have recently had labor. This is not necessarily the case, since regular breastfeeding can induce lactation through the neurological reflexes of prolactin production and secretion. Some adoptive mothers have been able to build lactation using breast pumps so they can feed adopted babies.
Dr Gabrielle Palmer menyatakan:
There is no medical reason why women should not breast-feed indefinitely or feed more than one child simultaneously (known as 'eating tandem')... some women can theoretically feed up to five babies.
Historical and cultural practices
Wet nursing is an ancient practice, common to many cultures. It has been linked with social classes, where monarchies, aristocracies, nobles, or upper classes make their children soaked in the hope of getting pregnant again quickly. Lactation inhibits ovulation in some women (lactational amenorrhea), so this practice has a rational basis. Poor women, especially those who suffer from a stigma of illegitimate childbirth, sometimes have to surrender their baby, temporarily or permanently, to the wet nurse. Dating back to Roman times and to this day, philosophers and thinkers agree that the important emotional bond between mother and child is threatened by the presence of a wet nurse.
Mythology
Many cultures feature stories, history or mythology, involving superhuman, supernatural, human and in some cases wet-nurse animals.
The Bible refers to Deborah, a nurse for Rebekah Isaac's wife and the mother of Jacob (Israel) and Esau, who appeared to have been a household member all day long. (Genesis 35: 8) The Midrashic comments of the Torah declare that the Egyptian daughter, Bithya (the wife of Pharaoh Asiya in the Hadith of Islam and the Qur'an) tried to wash Moses, but she would only take her maternal milk. (Exodus 2: 6-9)
In Greek mythology, Eurycleia is an Odysseus wet nurse. In Roman mythology, Caieta is the Aeneas nurse. In Burmese mythology, Myaukhpet Shinma is a representation of the nat (spirit) of the Tabinshwehti King wet nurse. In Hawaiian mythology, Nuakea is a generous goddess of lactation; his name became a title for royal wetnurse, according to David Malo.
Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, wealthy households would have nurse (Latin nutrition , single nutrix ) among slaves and free women, but some wet Roman women - nurses with the profession, and Digest Roman law even refers to wage disputes for wet noodle services . A landmark known as Columna Lactaria ("Milk Column") may be the place where wet nurses can be employed. It is considered admirable for upper-class women to breast-feed their own children, but unusual and ancient in the Imperial era. Even working-class women or slaves may have looked after their babies, and the Roman gynecologist Roman-era Soranus offers detailed advice on how to choose wet nurses. Inscriptions such as religious dedication and tombstones show that a nutrix will be proud of his profession. Some even noted the nutritor lactaneus , a male "milk nurse" who might be using a bottle. Greek nurses were favored, and the Romans believed that babies with Greek
The importance of wet nurses to ancient Roman culture is demonstrated by the founding myths of Romulus and Remus, who were abandoned as babies but cared for by female wolves, as depicted in the bronze sculpture of the famous Captain Wolf. Dewi Rumina is called among the gods of birth and other child development to promote the flow of breast milk.
English
Wet care is common in the British Isles.
Over the years, breastfeeding is a paid, respectable and popular job for many lower-class women in the UK. In the 17th and 18th centuries, England, a woman would earn more money as a wet nurse than her husband as a laborer. Until the 19th century, most wet-breastfed babies were sent away from their families to live with their wet nurses for the first three years of their lives. As many as 80 percent of wet-treated babies living with their wet nurses die during infancy, leading to changes in living conditions. [Changes what?]
The women take babies for money in the English Victorian, and take care of themselves or feed them with whatever is the cheapest. This is known as baby-farming; poor care sometimes results in high infant mortality. Wetnurse in this period is most likely a single woman who had previously given birth to an illegitimate child. There are two types of wet nurses in Victorian England. There are people with poor help, who are struggling to provide enough for themselves or their costs, and there are professional wet nurses who are well paid and respected.
It is common for high-class women to employ wet nurses to breast-feed their children. British women tend to work in their employer's home to take care of their responsibilities, as well as working in established hospitals for abandoned children. The wet nurse's own child is likely to be sent to a nurse, usually taken by bottle rather than breastfed. Valerie Fildes, author of Breast, Bottle and Baby: A Baby Eating History, argues that "As a result, wealthy parents often 'buy' their baby's life for the lives of others."
Wet nursing in the UK declined in popularity during the mid-19th century because of the medical journalist's writing about the dangers of undocumented nursing wet. Valerie Fildes argues that "Britain has been united with the rest of Europe in any discussion of the quality, terms of employment and conditions of the wet nurse, and in particular the offenses he considers guilty of." According to C.H.F. Routh, a medical journalist writing in the late 1850s in the UK, argues that many wet nursing crimes, such as wet nurses, are more likely to leave their own children, there is an increase in mortality for children under the control of a wet nurse, and increased physical and moral risks in treated children. Although this argument is not based on any evidence, the emotional arguments of medical researchers, coupled with protests by critics of the practice are slowly increasing public knowledge and bringing wet nursing into obscurity, are replaced by breastfeeding and bottle feeding.
French
Wet treatment was reported in France during Louis XIV, the middle of the 17th century. In the 18th century France, about 90 percent of babies were soaked wet, mostly sent to live with their wet nurses. In Paris in 1780, only 1,000 of the 21,000 babies born that year were cared for by their own mother. High demand for wet nurses coincided with low wages and high rents in this era, forcing many women to work immediately after childbirth. This means that many mothers have to send their babies away for breastfeeding and treated by wet nurses even poorer than themselves. With high demand for wet nurses, the price for renting one increases as standard of care decreases. This causes many infant deaths. In response, rather than breast-feeding their own children, upper-class women turn to employing wet nurses to live with them instead. Upon entering their employer's house to take care of their expenses, these wet nurses have to leave their own babies to be cared for and cared for by women who are far worse off than they are, and who may live in relatively remote places.
The Wet Nurse Bureau was created in Paris, 1769, to serve two primary purposes; it's given parents with wet nurses, as well as helps reduce the waiver of fees by controlling monthly payrolls for wet nurses. To become a wet nurse, women must meet several qualifications including a good physical body with good moral character, they are often judged on the basis of their age, their health, the number of children they have, and the shape of their breasts. , breast size, breast texture, nipple shape and nipple size, as all these aspects are believed to affect the quality of female milk. In 1874, the French government introduced the Roussel Act, which "mandates that every infant placed with a guardian is paid outside the parents' home registered to the state so that the French government can monitor how many children are placed with wet nurses and how many children who was treated wet had died. "
Wet nurses are often hired to work in hospitals so they can care for premature babies, sick babies or abandoned babies. During the 18th and 19th centuries, congenital syphilis was a common cause of infant death in France. Vaugirard Hospital in Paris began using mercury as a treatment for syphilis, but it can not be safely administered to infants. In 1780, began the process of administering mercury to wet nurses who could then send treatment to infants with syphilis through their milk in lactation.
The practice of wetnursing was still widespread during World War I, according to the American Red Cross. Working class women will leave their babies with wetnurses so they can get a job in the factory.
United States
British colonists brought wet breastfeeding practices with them to North America. Because the arrangement of sending infants away to live with wet nurses was the cause of so many infant deaths, by the 19th century, Americans adopted the practice of having wet nurses staying with employers to care for and treat their allegations. This practice has the effect of increasing the mortality rate for wet nurse babies. Many employers will only keep the wet nurse for several months because it is believed that the quality of a woman's milk will decrease over time.
Since there are no official records related to wet nurses or wet-treated children in the United States, historians have no knowledge of how many babies are breastfed, for how long they are treated wet, whether they stay at home or else where as they get soaked, and how many wet breastfed babies live or die. The only evidence available, in relation to wet nursing in the United States, is found in the help of newspaper advertisements, through complaints about wet nurses in magazines, and through medical journals acting as labor agents for nurses.
In the southern United States, it has become common practice for Black women who are enslaved to be forced to become wet nurses for the children of their owners. In some cases, the enslaved child and the white child will be raised together in his youth. (Sometimes the two babies will be fathers of the same man, slave owners, see Children on plantations.) The visual representation of wet nursing practices in an enslaved society is the most common in Mammy's archetypal archetype. The pictures as they appear in this section represent the good historical practice of black women who are enslaved to wet the white children of their owners and sometimes excessive racial caricatures of stereotyped black women enslaved as "Mammy" characters.
Relationships
Sometimes babies are placed in wetnurse homes for several months, just like Jane Austen and her siblings. The Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 91, the receipt of the 187 Common Era, proves the ancient nature of this practice. Sometimes wetnurse comes to live with baby families, filling positions between monthly nurses (for the immediate postpartum period) and caregivers.
In some cultures, wetnurse is employed only as another employee. But on the other hand, he has a special relationship with the family, which may give rise to kinship rights. In the Vietnamese family structure, for example, wetnurse is known as Nh? m? u , m? u which means "mother". Islam has a highly codified dairy kinship system known as Rada (fiqh).
Current attitudes in Western countries
In a prosperous Western society like the United States, the act of breastfeeding a baby apart from itself often causes cultural discomfort. When a mother can not breastfeed her own baby, an acceptable mediation substitution is milk expressed (or mainly colostrum) donated to milk banks, analogous to blood banks, and processed there by filtered, pasteurized, and usually frozen. Infant formula milk is also widely available, claimed by the manufacturer to be a reliable source of infant nutrition when properly prepared. Dr Rhonda Shaw notes that Western objections to nurses are culture:
The exchange of body fluids between women and children is different, and exposure to intimate body parts makes some people feel uncomfortable. The hidden subtext of this debate has to do with moral moral decency. Cultures with breast fetishes tend to unite sexual and erotic breasts with functional and breastfeeding breasts.
In addition, the wet nursing heritage for African-American women is inherently linked to slavery, and the physical, emotional, and mental violence that enslaved African-American women experience. While other populations in the United States may be more open to breastfeeding, cultural attitudes within the African-American community toward wet nursing remain one strongly influenced by the trauma of the wet nursing generation during slavery.
For some Americans, the subject of wet nursing becomes more open to discussion. During UNICEF's goodwill trip to Sierra Leone in 2008, Mexican actress Salma Hayek decided to breast-feed the local baby in front of the accompanying film crew. The one-week-old baby who was sick was born on the same day but a year later than his daughter, who has not been weaned. Hayek then discusses an anecdote camera from his ancestor, a Mexican, who spontaneously feeds his hungry baby in a village.
Current situation elsewhere
Wet nurses are still common in many developing countries, although this practice poses a risk of infection such as HIV. In China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, wet nurses can be employed alongside caregivers as a sign of aristocracy, wealth, and high status. After the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, where the contaminated infant formula poisoned thousands of babies, the wet nurse's salary there increased dramatically. The use of wet nurses is seen as a status symbol in some parts of modern China.
In addition, a woman who wishes to postpone pregnancy may breastfeed and raise a newborn (especially poorer) sibling as "fishing" (Javanese for "lure").
Famous wet trinkets
Royal wetnurses are more likely than most to achieve historical records.
In Ancient Egypt, Maia was King Tutankhamun's wetnurse. Sitre In, the Hatshepsut nurse, was not a member of the royal family, but received the honor of burial in the royal necropolis in the Valley of Kings at the KV60 tomb. The coffin has the text sdt nfrw nsw in m3't? Rw , which means Royal Wet Nurse . Lady Kasuga is a wet nurse of the third Tokugawa shogun of Iemitsu. Lu Lingxuan was a waiting woman who served as wetnurse to Emperor Gao Wei; he became very powerful during his reign, and was often criticized by historians for his corruption and treachery. The Chinese Emperor honors the Empress Dowager. Dai Anga is a wetnurse of the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan. Shin Myo Myat is the mother of King Bayinnaung of Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar), and wetnurse of King Tabinshwehti. In England, Hodierna of St Albans is the mother of Alexander Neckam and wet nurse Richard I of England, and Mrs Pack is a wet nurse for William, Duke of Gloucester (1689-1700).
Several non-royal wetnurses have been written about. Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb is the foster mother and wetnurse of the prophet of Islam Muhammad. Petronella Muns, with her employer, the first Western woman to visit Japan. Naomi Baumslag, author of Milk, Money and Insanity, describes the legendary capacity of Judith Waterford: "In 1831, on her 81st birthday, she was still able to produce milk.In his prime, she never produced two quarts (four liters or 1.9 liters) of breast milk a day. "
See also
- Breastfeeding the animals
- Roman charity, a work of art based on the story of a princess feeding her dying father.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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