Children's neglect is the practice of releasing interest and claims of a person's offspring by way of extralegal with the intention of not continuing or reaffirming their guardianship. Usually this phrase is used to describe a child's physical abandonment, but may also include cases of severe emotional neglect and neglect, as in the case of a parent who fails to provide financial and emotional support to his or her child over a long period of time. A neglected child is referred to as foundling (as opposed to an escape or an orphan). Baby dumping refers to a parent who leaves a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the aim of ending their care for the child. It is also known as rehoming , in cases where adoptive parents use illegal means, such as the internet, to find new homes for their children. In many cases, child neglect is classified under subsections of child abuse laws and can be punished by crime. After a malicious accusation, one or both guardians ceded their custody of the child to terminate their relationship with the child. Some countries allow the restoration of parental rights, in which case parents or parents may have more child relationships. However, it is impossible for parents to regain prisoners. The perpetrator may also be charged with gross negligence if the victim dies as a result of his act or neglect.
Historically, many cultures are practicing baby neglect, often called "baby exposure." Children are left on the hillside, in the desert, near the church, and in other public places. If taken by others, children may join other families either as slaves or as free family members. Roman society in particular chose slaves to raise their children rather than family members, who were indifferent to their children. Although discovered by others will allow abandoned children to often survive, exposure is sometimes compared to infanticide - as described by Tertullian in his apology: it must be a more cruel way to kill... with cold and starving exposure and dogs. "Despite the comparison, other sources reported that infanticide and exposure were viewed as morally different in ancient times.
In the Middle Ages Early parents who did not want to raise their children gave them to the convent along with a small fee, an act known as an offering. In times of social stress monastery often receive a large number of children. In high medieval times, offerings were less common and something more frequently arranged privately between the monastery and the child's parents. Sometimes medieval hospitals take care of abandoned children at community expense, but some refuse to do so on the grounds that willing to accept abandoned children will increase the rate of neglect. Medieval laws in Europe governing child abandonment, such as the Visigothic Code, often specify that the person who has taken the child is entitled to the child's service as a slave. Handing or enslaving children into soldiers and labor pools often occurs as a result of war or plague when many children are left without a parent. The abandoned children then become state wards, military organizations, or religious groups. When this practice occurs en masse, it has the advantage of ensuring the strength and continuity of cultural and religious practices in medieval society.
Early modern Europe saw the emergence of built houses and increased abandonment of children into these homes. These figures continue to rise and peak when 5% of all births result in abandonment in France around 1830. The national reaction to this is to limit the resources provided by people's homes and switch to foster homes instead so fewer children children will die in crowded quarters. home during infancy. As access to contraception increased and economic conditions improved in Europe towards the end of the 19th century, the number of abandoned children declined.
Abandonment increased towards the end of the 19th century, especially in the United States. The largest migration of abandoned children in history occurred in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over one hundred and twenty thousand orphans (not all of them deliberately abandoned) were sent to the west by train, where the family agreed to foster children in exchange for their use as agricultural laborers, domestic workers, etc. Orphan trains are very popular as a source of free labor. The large size of the displacement as well as the complications and exploitation that took place led to new institutions and a series of laws promoting adoption rather than indenture. In 1945, adoption was formulated as a legal action taking into account the best interests of the child. The origin of the movement towards secrecy and sealing of all records of adoption and birth began when Charles Loring Brace introduced the concept to prevent children from orphaned trains back to or reclaimed by their parents.
Famous contemporary examples of child neglect include the release of murder by infant or child confinement as in the case of the kidnapping of Osaka children or the affairs of 2 abandoned children in Calgary, Alberta, Canada by their mother Rie Fujii.
Video Child abandonment
Current situation
Today, the neglect of a child is considered a serious crime in many jurisdictions because it can be regarded as maladly wrong (because of the error itself) because of immediate harm to the child, and because of welfare problems (because children often become state wards and, in turn, the burden of public fisc). For example, in the US state of Georgia, it is a violation to intentionally and voluntarily leave a child, and a crime to leave a child someone and leave the country. In 1981, Georgia's treatment of neglect as a crime when the defendant left the country upheld as a constitution by the US Supreme Court. 'Rehoming' is still legal in Arkansas where, by 2015, state legislator Justin Harris made national headlines by rehoming two adopted children.
Many jurisdictions have the exception of leaving the law in the form of safe-haven laws, which apply to abandoned babies at designated places such as hospitals (see, for example, baby hatching).
In England abandoning children under 2 years is a crime. In 2004, 49 babies were abandoned nationally with fewer boys than abandoned daughters.
Abandonment occurs mostly in Malaysia, where between 2005 and 2011, 517 babies are discarded. Of the 517 children, 287 were found dead. In 2012, there were 31 cases, including at least one example of children being thrown from the windows of high-rise apartments.
People in cultures with poor social welfare systems that are unable to financially care for a child are more likely to leave them. Some American states are moving toward passing legislation to prevent rehoming of post-adopted children. However, national legislation may be needed to protect children from rehomed in all states.
Country Programs to Facilitate Anonymous Abandonment
- Anonymous Birthing allows pregnant women to give birth to their child without revealing their identity or claiming ownership over or legal obligation to the child. Different countries wait for a length of time varying from 2-8 weeks before entering the child for adoption so that the mother can return to the hospital and regain the child. Anonymous labor is most often implemented as a measure to prevent neonaticide and has been successful in many countries. Police in Austria reported a 57% drop in neonates after the country passed a law allowing anonymous and free deliveries in 2001. Anonymous deliveries provide mothers with opportunities to disclose relevant medical history to be shared with children and host families, such as as well as access to hospital care to reduce risk during birth. In some states, France for example, mothers who choose anonymous to undergo counseling and are informed of the support structures available to help them take care of the child. Mothers who want to leave their children anonymously at birth can avoid unidentified births due to increased interaction with hospital staff and the possibility of undergoing counseling.
- Baby Boxes provide a safe and anonymous way to leave children, usually newborns, rather than switching to infant or neonatal exposure. Baby boxes can be found in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, and the United States. The advantages of baby boxes include a greater degree of anonymity for parents who abandon their children and the assurance that the child will be found and attended. However, children are sometimes placed in baby boxes with existing problems or injuries and less-used and expensive baby boxes to operate. It is also disputed if baby boxes are an accessible choice for rural mothers who may not want to travel to leave their children.
- The Safe Haven law allows parents of a child, usually a newborn child but the age may vary, to leave the child at a local authority such as a hospital, fire station, or police station without further questioning. Some countries allow parents to get the child back within a certain period of time. The Safe Haven law was passed in the United States in 1999 and has since been adopted in Canada, Japan, France, and Slovakia. It's debatable if the safe haven law prevents child neglect or neonaticide. Like baby boxes, a study shows that mothers in rural areas do not want to travel to leave their children and will not want to travel to the hospital to do so. By 2017, 3,317 infants have surrendered through safe haven law in the United States.
Maps Child abandonment
International policy and its impact on child abandonment
Chinese One Child Policy: In 1979 China introduced a one-child policy that sets penalties for families who choose to have more than one child. Women are forced to undergo IUD surgical implantation after the birth of their first child and tubal ligation if they have more children. Disobedient families are levied and are deprived of their rights to many government services, including access to health and education services. However, the violation of the law is most certain. As a result, for more than three decades, hundreds of thousands of children, mostly girls, are abandoned and in need of care. Non-governmental organizations stepped in to help with the re-placement of these girls, leading to an international adoption of more than 120,000 Chinese children. Today, China's fertility rate has not quite returned to the level of replacement. In fact, in the years since the policy release, China's fertility rate only increased by.04 per family.
The Vietnam War: During and after the Vietnam War, initiated by aggressive American foreign policy under the Kennedy and Johnson governments for fear of the spread of communism to Southeast Asia, it was estimated that about 50,000 babies were born to American father and Vietnamese mothers. The large contingents of these children are undesirable for their state of conception or can not be treated for lack of available resources and assistance in war-torn countries. Locally, these children are known as "children of dust." Non-governmental organizations seek to address problems by establishing international adoption and other rehoming methods but are largely ineffective. To this day, efforts are being made to connect American veterans with children they may have during their time in Vietnam.
Romania under Nicolae Ceau? escu: During the reign of Communist politician Nicolae Ceau? escu, Romania experienced drastic changes to its inhabitants. Ceau? Escu, in an effort to form a strong and youthful population, prohibits contraceptive methods and encourages the creation of large families with many children. Just as during the Fascist period of Italian history, incentives and cultural praise are offered to parents who produce many children. Ceau? Escu establishes Decree 770 which prohibits abortion and contraception for all women, except those over 40, has given birth to 4-5 children, has life-threatening complications during pregnancy, or who are pregnant through rape or incest. In the following years, the Romanian birthrate nearly doubled. However, due to the lack of resources needed to care for the abundance of children, thousands were abandoned or left to die. Other women use unsafe forms of abortion by people without medical training. The problem persists until the coup that toppled Ceau? Escu in 1989. After the coup, Romania's birthrate continued to decline over the next few decades. Today, the birth rate has dropped to 1.52 births per woman, below the replacement rate, which means that the population is shrinking.
Children abandonment in literature
Children, who may be orphans, can incorporate many advantages into the plot: mysterious antecedents, leading up to the plot to find them; high birth and low education. Its founders have appeared in the literature in some of the oldest known tales. The most common reason for ignoring children in literature is oracle that children will cause harm; mother's desire to hide her illegitimate children, often after being raped by a god; or envy on the part of people other than parents, such as sisters and mother-in-law in fairy tales like Water Dancing, Singing Apples, and Speaking Birds. In some knightly romances, such as Le Fresne and Geese, in the Beatrix variant, some children of twin births are abandoned after the hero she taunted him. another woman with the claim that such birth is proof of adultery and then her own birth. Poverty is usually caused only by the case of older children, who can survive by themselves. Indeed, most such individuals are descendants of nobility or nobility; their neglect means they grow in ignorance of their true social status.
Abandonment
One of the earliest examples of neglect of children in literature is that Oedipus, who was left to die as a baby in the hills by a shepherd, was ordered to kill his baby, but found and grew unconsciously married to his biological mother.
In a common variant of the neglect and rediscovery of a baby, the biblical story of Moses describes how a Jewish infant is abandoned by his mother and begins to float on the Nile in a reed basket, in the hope that he will be found and preserved; as planned, the boy was discovered and adopted by the queen of Egypt, earning higher social status and better education, and a stronger position than his real family could provide. Similar stories are told of other heroes who eventually learn about their true origins only as adults, when they find they are able to save their parents or their native families by using the powers of their adoptive status, while utilizing an education that sets them apart from their peers. This theme is also brought in the case of many modern super heroes, the most famous Superman (see Modern Media below). Mark Twain tweaked the traditional "upgrade" of the social status of the children by having twin boys, who were strong by birth, experiencing a "decline" from his position in a switch planned by two children, in "The Prince and the Pauper." "
In many stories, like the Snowdog, the boy was actually left by a servant who had been ordered to kill the boy.
Children are often left with birth tokens, which act as plot devices to ensure that the child can be identified. This theme is a central element in the historical fiction novel Angelo F. Coniglio The Lady of the Wheel, where the title refers to "the receiver of foundlings" placed on a device called "wheel aground," on the church wall or hospital.
In Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, a scene of acknowledgment in the final round states that Perdita is the king's daughter rather than a shepherd, and is perfect for her princely lover. Similarly, when the heroine Le Fresne reveals the brocade and the ring she left behind, her mother and sister recognized her; this makes her a suitable bride for the man whose lover used to be.
From Oedipus onward, the story of Greece and Rome was filled with exposed children who escaped death to be reunited with their families - usually, as in Longus Daphnis and Chloe, happier than in the case of Oedipus. The growing children, who have been taken by a stranger, are usually recognized by a token that has been left with an exposed infant: In Euripides Ion Creá¼¼sa will kill Ion, believe it to be his husband's illegitimate child, when the priest reveals the token birth that indicates that Ion is himself, a neglected baby.
This may reflect the practice of widespread abandonment of children in their culture. On the other hand, motives are continued through the literature where practice is not widespread. William Shakespeare uses Perdita's neglect and discovery in The Winter's Tale, as mentioned above, and Edmund Spenser reveals in the last Canto of Book 6 of The Faerie Queene that Pastorella's character, raised by the shepherds, is actually a noble birth. Henry Fielding, in one of the first such acknowledged novels, recounts the History of Tom Jones, a Clerk. In the case of Quasimodo, the eponymous character in Victor Hugo The Hunchback of Notre-Dame , the disabled child was left on the cathedral bed, available to leave the unwanted baby. Ruth Benedict, in studying Zuni, finds that the practice of child neglect is unknown, but stands out in their folk tales.
However, even a culture that does not practice it may reflect old habits; in medieval literature, such as Leegon and Le Fresne, the child was abandoned shortly after birth, which may reflect pre-Christian practice, both Scandavian and Roman, that the infant a newborn will not be raised without a father's decision to do so.
Educate
Foreigners who take children often become shepherds or other shepherds. This affects not only Oedipus, but also Cyrus II of Persia, Amphion and Zethus and some of the characters listed above. Romulus and Remus were suckled by a wolf in the wilderness, but after that, once again found by a shepherd. This ties this motif with the pastoral genre. This may imply or state openly that the child benefits from this pure education by the uncontaminated, as opposed to the corruption that surrounds the family of his birth.
Often, children are assisted by animals before they are found; Artemis sent bears to care for the abandoned Atalanta, and Paris was also cared for by bears before they were discovered. In some cases, the child is pictured being raised by animals; However, in reality, wild children have proven unable to speak.
In adult
The pattern of a child left with his adopted parent is less common than the opposite, but that happens. In the epic of India Mahabharata, Karna never reconciled with her mother, and died in battle with her legitimate son. In Grimm's Fairy Tails, The Eaters never learn, at least from all reunions with, their parents. George Eliot described the abandonment of Eppie's character at Silas Marner; even knowing his real father at the end of the book, he refused to leave Silas Marner, who actually raised him.
When the cause of neglect is a prophecy, neglect is usually instrumental in causing prophecy to be fulfilled. In addition to Oedipus, the Greek legend also includes Telephus, who was prophesied to kill his uncle; His ignorance to his offspring, which came from his neglect, caused his uncle to taunt him and he killed his uncle with anger.
Older children
When older children are left in a fairy tale, while poverty can be called a cause, as in Hop o 'My Thumb, also called Thumbelina, the most common effect is when poverty combined with the hatred of the stepmother, as in Hansel and Gretel (or sometimes, a mother's hatred). A stepmother's wish may be the only cause, as in Father Frost. In these stories, children rarely find adoptive parents, but evil monsters, such as giants and magicians; deceiving them, they find enough treasure to finish their poverty. The stepmother can die by chance, or be expelled by the father when he hears, so the reunited family can live happily in his absence.
In a gloomy variation, the Babes in the Wood story features an evil uncle in the role of an evil stepmother, who orders the children to be killed. However, although the waiters objected to obeying it, and the children were left in the forest, the story ended tragically: the children died, and their bodies were covered with robins.
In modern media
Passengers still appear in modern literature; this is a partial list of examples:
- In George Bernard Shaw's stage show Major Barbara, industrialist Andrew Undershaft, a founder of his own, is carefully looking for a founder to assume a family business. Superman can be seen as a continuation of the ponggok tradition, the only survivor of advanced (but almost extinct) civilization discovered and raised by Kansas peasants in a shepherding setting, and then discovering the origin and use of its alien forces forever.
- The Charlie Chaplin movie The Kid spins about Tramp's attempts to raise an abandoned child.
- In the graphic novel Aqua Leung , the main protagonist is a prince taken out of the castle attacked on a device such as a basket and later found by a spouse and raised on land so that his father's enemies do not find him. He returns to the sea to fulfill the prophecy that is considered his father's property but it is actually his.
- Elora Danan, in the film Willow, and Lir, in the novel
The Last Unicorn, both continue the tradition of the foundlings left behind for divination, and who fulfill the prophecy for their neglect. - In the last book The Chronicles of Prydain, Dallben reveals to Taran hero that he is an escapee; in a story set in the same world, "The Foundling," Dallben himself proved to be an escape as well.
- Leela's character from Futurama is an escapee, given to Ophanarium and a record in a foreign language to make people believe he is an alien rather than a mutant; he will be forced, in the latter case, to stay in a ditch with another mutant.
- Some foundlings appear on Terry Pratchett's Discworld: especially Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson, found, as a toddler, among the wreckage of a caravan party that has been attacked by bandits, and then besieged by an adult body.
- The Mozzie character, from White Collar, is a derelict child, left in a basket with only a bear.
- In some cartoons, whiny characters can disguise themselves as real children. This may be done with a character dressed as a baby and lying in a basket or basket in front of the door, perhaps with a note that adds to the ruse. It was parodied in the 2006 film Little Man.
- In The Flintstones, Bamm-Bamm was left at the Rubbles door and finally adopted by them.
See also
References
Further reading
- Dorothy L. Sayers, "Oedipus Simplex: Freedom and Destiny in Folklore and Fiction"
External links
- John Boswell, "The good of the foreigners: the neglect of children in Western Europe from the end of the ancient to the Renaissance", 1998, ISBNÃ, 0-226-06712-2
- "Complete Story". Namibians . Retrieved November 30 2012 .
- Angelo F. Coniglio's treatise on foundlings
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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