Domestic violence and pregnancy

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Pregnancy when combined with domestic violence is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) in which health risks can be strengthened. Abuse during pregnancy, whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for the mother and fetus. Domestic violence during pregnancy is categorized as abusive behavior toward pregnant women, where patterns of abuse can often change in terms of severity and frequency of violence. Violence may be a long-standing problem in an ongoing relationship after a woman is pregnant or may begin in pregnancy. Although female-to-male partner violence occurs in this arrangement, a remarkable form of domestic violence is perpetrated by men against women. Pregnancy provides a unique opportunity for healthcare workers to screen women for domestic violence despite recent reviews finding that the best way to do this is unclear. Reducing domestic violence in pregnancy should improve outcomes for mothers and infants although more good quality studies are needed to find effective ways to screen for pregnant women.

Video Domestic violence and pregnancy

Causes and triggers

Harassment in the household can be triggered by pregnancy for a number of reasons. Pregnancy itself can be used as a form of coercion and the phenomenon of preventing the choice of intimate partner reproduction is called reproductive force. Studies of male birth control sabotage performed by men against female partners have shown a strong correlation between domestic violence and birth control sabotage. Pregnancy can also cause a violent hiatus in the household when the offender does not want to harm the unborn fetus. The risk of domestic violence for pregnant women is the soonest after childbirth.

Domestic violence can increase a woman's chances of conceiving and the number of children she has, both because she is forced to have sex and because she can be prevented from using contraception. Correlation has been demonstrated between extended family and domestic violence. Whereas previously it was thought that having multiple children and the pressure generated from extended families increases the likelihood of domestic violence, it has been shown that violence generally precedes birth.

Maps Domestic violence and pregnancy

Birth control sabotage

Sabotage birth control, or coercion of reproduction, is a form of coercion in which a person manipulates the use of someone else's birth control - a weak attempt to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Replacing birth control pills with fake, piercing condoms, and threats and violence are examples of prevention of individual efforts to avoid pregnancy. The behavior of promoting pregnancy from coarse male partners is one method of domestic violence and is associated with unwanted pregnancy, especially in adolescents. Coercion of reproduction itself is a form of domestic violence because of the result of unwanted sexual activity and hinders a woman's ability to control her body. Forced pregnancy can also be a form of financial abuse when a woman becomes trapped in relationships because pregnancy has caused economic dependence for new mothers.

Unwanted pregnancies are 2 to 3 times more likely to be associated with abuse than the intended pregnancy. Research among teenage populations shows women who experience IPV using condoms at low levels and are afraid to negotiate condom use. In a study of sexually experienced 15-19 women in Uganda, the survey found that fourteen percent of women's first sexual relationships have been forced. Of the fourteen percent, women were much more likely to have unprotected sex without using modern contraception and had an unwanted pregnancy in the last six months compared to women who were not sexually coerced. In Egypt, more than 80% of rural women believe that beatings are sometimes justified and one of the most common reasons given for beatings is to refuse male sex. It affects a woman's ability to protect herself from unwanted sexual contact and the consequences of sexual intercourse, such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.

A study conducted by the Center for Impact Research on young mothers classified the sabotage of birth control into two categories: verbal and behavioral. Verbal sabotage is the verbal or emotional pressure of not using birth control, or pressure to conceive. Sabotage behavior is the use of force to prevent the use of birth control, or unprotected sexual intercourse.

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Mechanism

In many cases, domestic violence can be encouraged or intensified by pregnancy, but in some cases domestic violence ends during pregnancy because the offender makes a conscious effort not to harm the fetus.

Violence decreases

Domestic violence does not always increase during pregnancy and can even lead to a vacuum in violence. This phenomenon can provide protection for women and children. Because this can cause violence to decline, some women use pregnancy as a means of protection against domestic violence. Because violence generally restarts after pregnancy ends, women can conceive intentionally to prevent violence. However, since women who have been abused before pregnancy are more likely to experience violence during pregnancy, this is not a reliable means of protection.

Violence increases

Although pregnancy can be a protective period for some women, both in terms of existing hiatus violence, for others it is a period of risk where abuse can begin or increase. Women with couples who have violence have difficulty protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexual violence can directly lead to pregnancy. Studies have consistently shown that domestic violence is more common in large families. However, international research shows that 25% of women are abused for the first time during pregnancy.

In one study conducted by Campbell et al. , women are asked to speculate on why they think they are being harassed during their pregnancy. The answers are categorized into four categories:

• Jealousy of the unborn child
• Anger against unborn baby
• Special pregnancy violence is not directed toward children
• "Business as usual."

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Effects

There are many harmful effects that violence during pregnancy can cause mother and child. Malignant pregnancies are considered high risk because verbal, emotional, and physical abuse all lead to adverse health consequences for the mother and fetus. Violence during pregnancy has been linked to miscarriage, late prenatal care, stillbirth, premature birth, fetal injury (including bruising, fractures and fractures, stab wounds and low birth weight.) Violence during pregnancy also causes additional risks for the mother such as an increase in mental health problems , suicidal attempts, worsening chronic illness, injury, substance abuse, anxiety, stress, chronic pain, and gynecological problems Women who are battered during pregnancy are more often and severely beaten during their relationship than women who are not abused during pregnancy. accounted for the majority of maternal deaths.The killings were the second leading cause of injury related deaths in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States and a study conducted in hospitals in India found that 16% of all deaths during pregnancy were the result of partner violence, also found correlation between k domestic violence and incr reduce the use of abortion. Women who experience pregnancy abuse tend to not report abuse or abandon the perpetrator because of additional financial and housing security issues.

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Risk factors

Certain women are more likely to be abused during pregnancy than others. Women who have been abused before pregnancy are at increased risk of violence during pregnancy. Harassment is not limited to specific socio-economic or demographic groups of women or periods in a woman's reproductive life.

In general, the level of physical violence during pregnancy decreases as household incomes increase. Women whose total household income of less than $ 16,000 were much more likely to experience physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy than women with a total household income of more than $ 16,000.

Pairedness in a relationship increases the likelihood of an unwanted pregnancy. A Canadian study that underlines the causes of physical abuse identifies "social instability" (eg low age, unmarried, lower education level, and unemployment) as a trigger for violence and using unplanned pregnancies as an example. This suggests that partner hardness may lead to an increase in unwanted pregnancy which, in turn, increases physical violence. Young women are statistically more vulnerable to reproductive coercion and this may be due to a lack of experience in relationships and, for minors, less access to doctor appointments and emergency contraception. Adolescents are very risky and teenage pregnancy correlates with increased levels of domestic violence. Young women with older boyfriends are more likely to experience domestic violence. Women who experience physical abuse from their husbands tend to use contraception and are more likely to have unwanted pregnancies.

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Epidemiology

A study conducted on the reporting of domestic violence levels concluded that a woman's risk of physical and sexual abuse during pregnancy was poorly reported and underestimated. Every year, more than 324,000 pregnant women become victims of domestic violence in the United States. A number of countries have attempted to estimate statistically the number of adult women who experienced domestic violence during pregnancy:

• The prevalence of the United Kingdom: 3.4%
• United States Prevalence: 3,4 - 33,7%
• The Irish prevalence: 12.5% ​​
• Population studies from Canada, Chile, Egypt and Nicaragua: 6-15%

Incidence rate is higher for adolescents. The incidence rate for low-income pregnant women and adolescents is as high as 38%.

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See also

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia