A housewife (also known as housekeeper ) is a woman whose job is to run or manage her family home - caring for her children; buying, cooking, and storing food for the family; buying things the family needs in daily life; taking care of the house and maintaining the house; and make clothes for families - and those not employed outside the home. A housewife can also be referred to as a home-stay mother and a house bracelet may be called a "male housewife" or a home-stay father.
Webster's Dictionary describes a housewife as a married woman in charge of her household. The British
Throughout history, women usually work to pay, either by contributing to agriculture and other family-owned businesses or working for other entrepreneurs. Common housewives in developed countries only for decades during the mid-20th century.
Video Housewife
Sociology and economy
Some feminists and non-feminist economists (especially advocates of historical materialism, methodological approaches to Marxist historiography) note that the value of housewife employment is neglected in the formulation of standards of economic output, such as GDP or employment. Housewives work with many unpaid hours a week, often depending on the income from their husbands' work to get financial support.
Traditional societies
In hunter-gatherer societies like the traditional community of Australian Aboriginal people, men hunt animals for meat, and women collect other foods such as wheat, fruit and vegetables. One of the reasons for this division of labor is that it is much easier to care for babies while collecting fruit than when hunting fast moving animals. Even when homes are very simple and there is little treasure, men and women do different jobs.
In rural communities, where the main job is farming, women also care for the gardens and animals around the house, generally helping men with heavy work when work is done quickly, usually because of the season.
Examples of heavy work done by traditional housewives (housewives) in rural communities are:
- Choose fruit when it is cooked for the market
- Plant rice in rice fields
- Rework and pile up the rice
- Cutting straw
In rural studies, the word housewife is sometimes used for a woman who does most of the tasks within the farm complex as opposed to field and livestock work.
Modern society
A career woman can follow a "mother trail", or a joint marriage that produces/shares parents.
Regarding family size, a study of three Mexican cities showed that there was no significant difference in the number of children in a housewife's household compared with those who worked outside the home or working full time.
It is common for husbands and wives to be employed outside the home and to share "homework" and care for children.
Full-time domestic workers usually share in the income generated by household members employed; wage workers who work full-time from unpaid work provided by housewives; if not, the performance of such work (childcare, cooking, house cleaning, teaching, transporting, etc.) may be household expenses. Property-owner countries recognize joint ownership of marriage and income property, and unless a prenup or postnatal agreement is followed, most marriage households in the US operate as joint financing teams and collect taxes together.
Education
The method, needs and level of education of the house wife have been debated since at least the 20th century.
Maps Housewife
Songs about many housewives
The housewife's task is often the subject of the song. Examples include: "The Motheries's Lament Lament" (from the diary of Sarah Price, Ottawa, Illinois, mid-19th century); "Nine Hours a Day" (1871 English, anonymous songs); "A Woman's Work Is Never Done" or "A Woman Do not Know When Today's Work Has Been Done"; "The Labor of Women"; "How the Five and Twenties Shillings Spent in a Week" (popular British songs); "A Woman's Work" (a song of London music by Sue Pay, 1934). "The Housewife's Alphabet", by Peggy Seeger, was released as Blackthorne Records single with "My Son".
Housewives by country
In Chinese
In imperial China (excluding the Tang dynasty period), women are tied to domesticity by Confucian doctrine and cultural norms. Generally, girls are not in school and, therefore, spend the day doing housework with their mothers and sisters (eg, cooking and cleaning). In many cases, the husband is alive and able to work, so his wife is almost always prohibited from taking a job and mainly spending his days at home or doing other household chores. When Confucianism spread in East Asia, this social norm was also observed in Korea, Japan and Vietnam. When leg tying became common after the Song Dynasty, many women lost the ability to work out.
After the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, these norms were gradually relaxed and many women could enter the workforce. Soon more and more women began to be allowed to attend school. Beginning with the power of the People's Republic of China in 1949, all women were freed from the mandatory family role. During the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, some women even work in fields traditionally reserved for men.
In modern China, housewives are no longer common, especially in the largest cities and other urban areas. Many modern women work just because one person's income is not enough to support the family, the decision is made easier by the fact that it is common for Chinese grandparents to keep an eye on their grandchildren until they are old enough to go to school. Nevertheless, the number of Chinese housewives has steadily increased in recent years as the Chinese economy develops.
In India
In a traditional Hindu family, the head of the family is Griha Swami (The Host) and his wife is Griha Swamini (The Nyonya Rumah). The Sanskrit words Grihast and Grihasta might be closest to describing the overall activities and roles of housewives. Grih is the root of Sanskrit for home or home; Grihasta and Grihast are derived from this root, such as Grihastya. The couple lived in a country called the Grihastashram or family system and together they nurtured the family and helped its members (both old and young) through a busy life. Women who add family tree (bear children) and protect the children are described as Grihalakshmi (home richness) and Grihashoba (home glory). Family elders are known as Grihshreshta . Husbands or wives may engage in many other activities that may be social, religious, political or economic for the welfare of families and communities. However, their unified status as a common household owner is the core of where they operate in society. The traditional status of a woman as a housewife associates them in society and provides meaning to their activities within their social, religious, political and economic frameworks. However, when India is modernizing, many women work, especially in big cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore where most women will work. Role of non-traditional housewives in India, but socially accepted in urban areas. According to one sociologist study in 2006, twelve percent of unmarried Indian men will consider being housewives according to a survey conducted by Today's Business . A sociologist, Sushma Tulzhapurkar, calls this a shift in the Indian community, saying that a decade ago, "it is a concept that has never been heard and is not yet socially unacceptable for men to release their jobs and stay at home. " However, only 22.7 percent of Indian women are part of the labor force, compared to 51.6 percent of men; Thus, women are more likely to be nannies because most do not work outdoors. In Korea
North Korea
Until about 1990, the North Korean state required every able-bodied man to be employed by several state enterprises. However, about 30% of married women of work age are allowed to stay home as full-time housewives (less than in some countries in the same region as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, more than in the former Soviet Union, Mainland China and Nordic countries like Sweden, and almost the same as in the United States). In the early 1990s, after an estimated 900,000-3.5 million people died in North Korean famine, the old system began to fall apart. In some cases, women start by selling homemade food or household items that they can do without. Today at least three-quarters of North Korean market vendors are women. The joke that makes the rounds in Pyongyang runs: 'What's the similarity between husband and pet dog?' Answer: 'Not working or making money, but both are funny, staying at home and can frighten thieves.'
In the United Kingdom
Two British magazines for housewives have been published: The Housewife (London: The Million Office, 1886 [1900]) and Housewives (London: Hultons, 1939 -68).
"On a Tired Housewife" is an anonymous poem about many housewives:
In the United States
About 50% of US married women in 1978 continued to work after childbirth, while in 1997, the number was 61%. The number of housewives increased in the 2000s. With the 2008 financial crisis, the decline in average income makes two earnings more attractive, and the percentage of US married women who continue to work after their birth increased to 69% in 2009. By 2014, according to the Pew Research Center, more than one in four mother living at home in the United States.
Housewives in America are typical in the mid-20th century among middle and upper class white families. Black families, new immigrants and other minority groups tend not to benefit from union wages, government policies, and other factors that cause white wives to stay home for decades.
A 2005 study estimated that 31 percent of working mothers leave the workplace (an average of 2.2 years), most often triggered by the birth of a second child. This gives time for full-time concentration in parenting and to avoid high childcare costs, especially through the early years (before school begins at age five). There is considerable variability in the population of homemaker mothers by paying attention to their intention to return to paid labor. Some plan to work from their homes, some will do part-time jobs, some intend to return to work part-time or full-time when their children have reached school age, some may improve their skills by returning to higher education, and others may feels financially feasible not to enter (or re-enter) the paid workforce. Research has linked feelings of "guilt and anxiety to separation of mothers" to return to the workforce.
Similarly, there is much variation in the attitude of homemaker mothers to household chores unrelated to caring for children. Some may embrace the traditional role of housewives, cooking and cleaning in addition to caring for children. Others see their leading role as child care providers, supporting their children's physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual development while sharing or outsourcing other aspects of home care.
History
Although men are generally regarded as the main breadwinners for families in history, the division of labor between men and women in traditional societies requires that both sexes take an active role in obtaining resources outside the domestic sphere. Before finding farms and farms, predictable food sources are scarce commodities. To achieve optimal nutrition during this time, it is important for men and women to focus their energy on hunting and gathering as many different foods as possible to defend themselves every day. Due to the lack of technology necessary to store and conserve food, it is very important for men and women to seek and obtain a source of fresh food almost constantly. These nomadic tribes use gender differences to their advantage, allowing men and women to use their complementary adaptations and survival strategies to find the most diverse and nutritious food available. For example, in the context of daily feeding, parenting is not an obstacle to women's productivity; on the contrary, doing this task with the children improves the overall efficiency of the activity (more people participating equally with greater results from edible roots, berries, nuts and plants), and serves as an important lesson in skills survive for every child.. By sharing the daily burden of sustenance - and developing a specific gender niche - humans not only ensure their survival, but also pave the way for technology later to evolve and grow through experience.
In the nineteenth century, more and more women in industrialized countries ceased to be housewives and peasant wives and began doing paid work in various industries outside the home and away from family farms, in addition to the work they do at home. At this time many large factories were established, first in the UK then in other European countries and the United States. Thousands of young women work in factories; most factories employ women in different roles than are occupied by men. There are also women who work at home with low wages while caring for their children at the same time.
Being a housewife is only realistic among middle and upper class families. In a working-class family, it is typical for women to work. In the 19th century, one-third to one-half of married women in Britain were listed in the census as working for external payments, and some historians believe that this is an insufficient amount. Among married couples who can afford it, the wife often manages household chores, gardening, cooking, and children without working outdoors. Women are often very proud to be good housewives and their home and children are treated well. Other women, such as Florence Nightingale, are pursuing non-factory professions even though they are rich enough so they do not need income. Some of the professions open to women are also restricted to unmarried women, for example, teaching.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the two world wars (World War I, 1914-18, and World War II, 1939-45) were fought by people from many countries. (There is also a special role in the armed forces conducted by women, such as nursing, transportation, etc. And in some countries there are also female soldiers.) While men are at war, many of their women go to work to keep the countries walk.. Women, who are also housewives, work in factories, businesses, and farms. At the end of the second war, many people were killed, and others were wounded again. Some men can return to their previous positions, but some women stay in the workforce as well. In addition to the spurt of women entering the workforce, food and comfort technologies are also increasingly popular, both saving the time women they may spend on domestic duty, enabling them to pursue other interests.
Communist governments in the early and mid-20th century like the Soviet Union and China encouraged married women to keep working after childbirth. There were very few housewives in Communist countries until the free-market market reforms of the 1990s, which led to a resurgence in the number of housewives. By contrast, in the Western World of the 1950s, many women quit their jobs as housewives after childbirth. Only 11% of married women in the US continue to work after childbirth.
In the 1960s in western countries, it was increasingly acceptable for a woman to work until she married, when it was widely held that she should stop working and become a housewife. Many women believe that this does not treat men and women equally and that women should do whatever work they can, whether they are married or not. The Feminine Mystique, a 1963 book by Betty Friedan that is widely credited with fueling the start of the second wave of feminism in the United States, discusses, among other things, the lives of housewives from all over the United States who are unhappy despite living in comfort material and married with children. At this time, many women become more educated. As a result of these educational improvements, some women are able to earn more than their husbands. In very rare cases, the husband will remain at home to raise their children when the wife works. In 1964, a US seal was issued in honor of housewives for the 50th anniversary of the Smith-Lever Act.
By the end of the twentieth century, in many countries it has become increasingly difficult for a family to live with one wage. Furthermore, many women are asked to return to work after the birth of their children. However, the number of male housewives began to increase gradually in the late 20th century, especially in the developed western countries. In 2010, the number of male housewives has reached the highest point of 2.2 million. Although this role is subject to many stereotypes, and men may have difficulty in accessing maternity care, community, and services targeted at the mother, it became more socially acceptable in the 2000s. Male housewives are more often described in the media in the 2000s, especially in the United States. However, in some areas of the world, male housewives remain unacceptable culturally.
Notable Housewives
Examples of well-known housewives include:
English
- Faye Inchfawn
India
- Sudha Murthy
Netherlands
- Fanny Blankers-Koen, a Dutch athlete, known as "The Flying Housewife"
United States
-
- Martha B. Alexander
- Margaret Dayton
- Geanie Morrison
- Terry Rakolta
- Ann Romney
- Barbara Stafford
See also
- Feminist Economy
- Mother Football
- Dad who lives at home
- Books
- Compleat Housewife or Compperlish'd Gentlewoman's Companion , an English cookbook and work guide; also the first cookbook published in the United States
- Kitchen Story
References
- General
- Allen, Robert, consult. ed. (2003 (et seq)). English Penguin Dictionary . London, England: Penguin Books. p.Ã, 1642. ISBNÃ, 0-14-051533-X. CS1 maint: Additional text: list of authors (links)
Further reading
- Swain, Sally (1988) Great Housewives of Art . London: Grafton (reissued by Harper Collins, London, 1995) (famous artist pastiches showing housewife duties, eg Mrs. Kandinsky Putting Kids Toys)
- United States
- Campbell, D'Ann (1984). Women at war with America: Personal Life in the Patriotic Era , in World War II
- Ogden, Annegret S. (1987) The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986
- Palmer, Phyllis (1990). Housewives and Domestic Helpers in the United States, 1920-1945.
- Ramey, Valerie A. (2009), "Time Spent at Production Houses in the Twentieth Century USA: New Estimates of Old Data," Journal of Economic History, 69 (March 2009), 1-47.
- Tillotson, Kristin (2004) Retro Housewife: salute the super urban lady . Portland, Ore.: Collector Press ISBNÃ, 1-888054-92-1
- Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (1982). Good Wife: Images and Reality in Women's Life in Northern New England, 1650-1750
- Europe
- Draznin, Yaffa Claire (2001). Secondary Housewife Victoria London: What She's Doing All Day 227pp
- Hardy, Sheila (2012) A 1950s Housewife: Marriage and Housekeeping in the 1950s . Stroud: the History Press ISBN 978-0-7524-69-89-8
- McMillan, James F. (1981) Housewife or Whore: Place of Women in French Society, 1870-1940 229pp
- Myrdal, Alva & amp; Klein, Viola (1956) Two Roles of Women: Home and Work . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
- Robertson, Una A. (1997) Brief History of Housewife, 1650-1950 218pp (in the UK)
- Sim, Alison (1996). Tudor Housewife, (on 1480-1609 in England)
External links
- House Economic Archives: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH), A collection of more than 1,000 classic books on home economics covering the years 1850 to 1950, created by the Cornell University Mann Library.
- Information and educational materials about the 19th century farm wife
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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