The Italian welfare state is based on a conservative-corporate model, as described by GÃÆ'¸sta Esping-Andersen, one of the world's leading sociologists working on the analysis of welfare states.
Video Italian welfare state
Key features
Health care
In 1978, health reforms introduced the National Health Service (SERVISIO Sanitario Nazionale - SSN), a term inspired by National Health Services in the United Kingdom. SSN is a public and universal system devoted to health care coverage for all citizens. It is planned to be right and not to be tested. Then, the financial situation urges to introduce user charges to avoid wastage, even if this can lead to inequality, and testing the means for general tests and drugs. In 1992, major reforms allowed citizens to pay higher fees for receiving private services within the SSN; in this way, public spending declines. Today SSN is financed both by direct taxes and by revenues from local health agencies, which are made with partial or total service payments. SSN is mainly handled by the region, which controls local health agencies and establishes user fee levels, but is under the control of the Ministry of Health. Differences between regions in wealth, political coalitions in the office and the competence of political elites bring very different results, because the "Red Belt" of the Italian-led communist region is considered to have the best, more comprehensive, cheaper and universal. health care system; The area headed by North Christian Democracy is considered to have a fairly good but costly health care system, while the South is often accused of malasanitÃÆ' - poor health services.
The special visit fee of around EUR30 and the price of one envelope of the drug is EUR2, same visit and same drug when done in private can be increased many times. People in financial difficulties do not pay anything for the things mentioned above.
Educational and cultural resources
Free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 18 years old. It includes five years of universal primary school, three years of secondary school and finally five years of secondary school leading to a "diploma", which in turn provides access to professions, such as geometers, insegnant scribes (teachers) and university programs. Primary schools include free but non-uniform or transport books, from the age of 12 years of book and transportation costs, and all other expenses for secondary schools, are the responsibility of the family. Sometimes some low-income families, (meaning proven benefits) can apply for vouchers in partial payment for a very large and expensive workbook/text selected in Italy. [University] is public and private; public universities are primarily financed by the State and have low costs of proven income and support for low-income students, while private universities have a much higher cost. Students in lower secondary education still have to pay a minimum registration fee, usually around EUR 20 per year, and the books are not always covered by state vouchers.
Housing
The problem of cheap and healthy housing for low-income people led to the approval of the 1903 Luzzati Act, which established the establishment of public, nonprofit, public housing institutions to build and rent apartments to meet increasing urban needs. population. The institutions were reformed in 1938 but still dealt with popular homes; ranked to get a popular flat, and the pay, has been tested and open to immigrants. In 1962, Law n.167 encouraged purchases, by local authorities, land to be used for popular homes; Even if this intervention reduces the need for popular flats, it leads to the construction of dormitories without housing services, which were cut off from other cities that since 1978 should be the object of the policy of rectification.
In 1978, the Fair Lease Act ( Equo Canone ) introduced the maximum cost for residential properties and a four-year contract. Maximum costs increase much more slowly than inflation and do not correspond to changes in urban populations. This causes landlords to rather sell to rent, or opt for negotiations on illegal market costs, which in turn lead to restrictions on the rental market. In 1998, only 20% of the Italian housing market was leased; Average and high-income families prefer to buy their homes, while low-income families who can not afford, suffer from high rents. The 1998 Lease Act tries to revitalize the lease contract by liberalizing costs and allowing rental conditions to be governed by landlord and tenant organizations.
Unemployment
Unemployment problems have been encountered in Italy with government benefits, in the form of cash transfers based on contributions ( indennitÃÆ' in disoccupazione ). The requirement to earn up to 40% of the previous wage (for a maximum of about 1000 EUR in 2007) up to seven months is already in use and registered for insurance, contributing contributions for at least 52 weeks in two years. The very high unemployment rate facing Italy in the 1980s brought unemployment benefits into the first item of increased social security spending, and contributed to Italy's public debt increase.
Since 1947, and with reforms in 1975, cash allowances are provided as shock absorbers for suspended workers or who work only for reduced time due to difficulties while their factories. This institute, the Redundancy Fund (Cassa integrazione guadagni), aims to help factories in financial difficulties, by relieving them of unused labor costs, supporting also those workers who may lose part of their income. Workers receive 80% of their previous wages, below the maximum rate set by law, and their contributions to pensions are taken for payment, even if they are not ( contributi figurativi ).
Together with the Pension Fund, since 1984 the company can propose also to the Solidarity Contract: after negotiations with the local union, the company may contract with less work time, to avoid the dismissal of unemployed workers. The state will give the workers 60% of the lost share of wages. Such contracts can last up to four years, five in the South. Since 1993, the same Solidarity Contract can be made by companies that are not entitled to the Redundancy Fund. In this case, the state and the company will give each of 25% of the lost part of the wage to the worker, up to two years.
If the Redundancy Fund does not allow the company to rebuild a good financial situation, workers may be entitled to mobility allowances ( IndennitÃÆ' in mobilitÃÆ' ), if they have ongoing employment contracts and they have been used in the previous twelve months. Other companies are given incentives to hire them. The period of unemployment benefit is generally up to 12 months. To remain eligible for benefits, the worker can not refuse to attend the formation course, or to take over a job similar to wages above 90% of the previous one, or to communicate with the Social Security Board has found a temporary or part-time job.
Retirement
The history of retirement in Italy dates back to the agency in 1898 from the National Insurance Fund of Factory Workers for Disappearance and Aging (CNAS), voluntary insurance that receives grants from the State as well as from employers. In 1919 it became mandatory and it affected 12 million workers; The agency was renamed the National Institute of Social Insurance (INPS) in 1933. In 1939 unemployment insurance, tuberculosis benefits, widow pensions and family funds were established, along with the first forms of redundancy funds; retirement age is lowered. In 1952 pensions were reformed, and a minimum pension was introduced. In 1968-1969 the contribution-based system was altered with a retribution-based system, linked to previous wages. New measures are introduced for workers and employers to cope with the production crisis. In the 1980s, INPS was associated with a new health care system, and in 1989 the system underwent administrative reform. Since the following year, private workers earn their pensions related to the company's year earnings. Financial disturbances in the early 1990s led to an increase in retirement age in 1992 and the introduction of voluntary private insurance schemes the following year. Reform, to reduce fragmentation and public spending, was resolved by the Early Act in 1995 which introduced flexible retirement age between 57 and 65 years, and swung back to the donation system. The coverage of retirement for new flexible workers was introduced in 1996. Finally, in 2004 Maroni's law tried to reform the pension system on a limited basis from 2008, but the impact should be greatly refined by the new left-center government in charge since 2006.
Pregnant leave consists of two months before and three months after birth. Mothers are given 80% of their previous wages and an additional six months of optional leave. They have the right not to lose a job for a year. The family benefit is related to family size and income, and increases with the presence of a disabled person in the family. Social assistance is a rights based and means tested, and applies to families in need. Social services for the elderly, needy, and needy families are handled by the local government, which can benefit from volunteer associations and nonprofit social service cooperatives. A disabled person without a job receives about EUR270 every month.
Maps Italian welfare state
Historical overview
The foundation of the welfare states of Italy is laid along the lines of the corporatist-conservative model, or its Mediterranean variant. Then, in the 1960s and 1970s, the increase in public spending and the primary focus on universality led to it on the same path as the social-democratic system.
Reforms in the late 1990s caused nonprofit and private charities to do more welfare services on behalf of the government. This obscures the line between formal state-run formal welfare systems and informal systems that are diverted to private groups. The Catholic bloc finds itself as a mediating force in the transition, with the church engaged in a public dialogue that promotes its own conservative social outlook and the charity that fills these devolutionary welfare roles.
The family-based family assumptions historically define the Italian welfare system. However, in this changing period, these assumptions are challenged by the increasing participation of female workers. Pressure on the welfare system is the result of tension between the aspects of the state that seek to equate the role of cross-gender, and the welfare requirements that perpetuate them.
Simultaneously, economic migration for domestic workers became a bigger factor in the Italian welfare state. The greater participation of female workers increases the demand for domestic labor. In this labor-intensive field, migrants can only compete with wages by being informal. Decentralized reforms essentially make some welfare provisions accessible to informal migrants. Although immigration laws were strengthened in 1992, enforcement measures are sporadic, making it an ineffective deterrent to informal migration.
When the 2000s came around the expenditure of the welfare system Italy supported the elderly and middle-aged for retirement and those who had worked in the formal workforce, especially those employed by large industrial companies. The younger generation is left shaken because many of them, even those with higher education and degrees, can never find a job and have to rely on their parents for support. Those who can get a job often take temporary jobs, low-paid jobs, and jobs that have nothing to do with their education. The unemployment rate for Italian youth is over 40% One of the places where the Italian welfare system pays a lot of money, over $ 900 million in 1995, is for mothers. Women were given maternity leave for two months before birth until three months later and paid 80% of their salary. They also offer six months additional leave if they choose, and their work must be guaranteed for one year.
See also
- Social Models
- Welfare state
References
Further reading
- Art, Wil and John Gelissen, (2002) "Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? State-of-the-art report", Journal of European Social Policy , vol. 12, London: Sage
External links
- Inps, La nostra storia
- Tafter, La frammentazione delle politiche in edilizia sociale
- Tesionline, Tesi di laurea - La contrattazione assistita nella nuova disciplina delle locazioni abitative
- Tesionline, L'Equo Canone
- Wingert, Jamie (2000), Country Case Studies and Links: Italy , Johnstown: University of Pittsburgh
- http://www.espanet-italia.net/conferenza2008/paper_edocs/B/2a - Picot.pdf
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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