John Keats

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John Keats ( ; 31 October 1795 - February 23, 1821) is a Romantic poet from England. She is one of the main characters of second-generation romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, although her works have been published only four years before her death from tuberculosis at the age of 25.

Although his poetry was generally not well received by critics during his lifetime, his reputation grew after his death, and by the end of the 19th century, he had become one of Britain's most beloved poets. He has a significant influence on various poets and writers. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first meeting with Keats' work was the most significant literary experience of his life.

Keats poetry is characterized by sensual imagery, especially in a series of jokes. This is the hallmark of romantic poets, as they aim to highlight extreme emotions through the emphasis of natural imaging. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most widely analyzed English literature. Some of Keats's most famous works are "Ode to a Nightingale", "Sleep and Poetry", and the famous sonet "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer".

Video John Keats

Biography

Early life

John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on October 31, 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is little evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on October 29, the baptismal notes give the date as the 31st. He is the eldest of four surviving children; his younger brothers were George (1797-1841), Thomas (1799-1818), and Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803-1889) who eventually married Spanish writer ValentÃƒÆ'n Llanos GutiÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â© rrez. The other boy lost as a baby. His father first worked as a host at the stables attached to Swan and Hoop Inn, a company he later managed, and where growing families lived for several years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, the birthplace of simple origins, but there was no evidence to support his beliefs. The Globe pub now occupies the site (2012), a few meters from the modern Moorgate station. He was baptized at St. Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a local dame school as a child.

His parents could not afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803 he was sent to John Clarke's school at Enfield, near his grandparents' home. The small school has a more liberal view and a progressive curriculum that is more modern than larger and more prestigious schools. In a family atmosphere at Clarke, Keats develops interest in classical and historical matters, which will stay with him throughout his short life. The principal's son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introduced Keats to the Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapman's translations. The young Keats is described by his friend Edward Holmes as a volatile character, "always extreme", given to inaction and battle. However, at 13 he began focusing his energies on reading and learning, winning his first academic prize in mid-summer 1809.

In April 1804, when Keats was eight years old, his father died from a skull fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse when returning from a visit to Keats and his brother George at school. Thomas Keats passed away. Frances remarried two months later, but soon left her new husband, and the four children were living with their grandmother, Alice Jennings, in the village of Edmonton.

In March 1810, when Keats was 14 years old, his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving the children in the custody of their grandmother. He appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That fall, Keats left Clarke school for an internship with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and pharmacist who is a neighbor and family doctor of Jennings. Keats lodged in the attic above operations at 7 Church Street until 1813. Cowden Clarke, who remained a close friend of Keats, described this period as "the quietest time in Keats's life."

Initial career

From 1814, Keats had two inheritances, which were believed to him until his 21st birthday: Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â£ 800 being donated by his grandfather John Jennings (about Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â£ 50,000 in money today) and partly his mother's heritage, Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â£ 8000 (about Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â£ 500,000 today), to be divided equally between her surviving children. He did not seem to be told, because he never applied for any money. Historically, errors have often been placed in Abbey as legal guardians, but he may also be unconscious. William Walton, a lawyer for Keats's mother and grandmother, certainly knows and has an obligation to pass information to Keats. Looks like he did not do it. The money will make an important difference to the poet's expectations. Money is always a big concern and difficulty for him, because he struggles to not owe and make his way in the world independently.

After completing his apprenticeship with Hammond, Keats enrolled as a medical student at Guy's Hospital (now part of King's College London) and began studying there in October 1815. Within a month from the start, he was accepted as a makeup artist in the hospital, assisting surgeon during surgery, equivalent to today's junior home surgeon. It is a significant promotion, which marks a special talent for medicine; it carries greater responsibility and a heavier workload. Long and expensive medical training from Keats with Hammond and at Guy's Hospital leads his family to assume he will pursue a lifelong career in medicine, ensuring financial security, and it seems at this point Keats has a genuine desire to become a doctor. He was nesting near the hospital, at 28 St. Thomas's Street in Southwark, along with other medical students, including Henry Stephens who became a famous inventor and ink expert.

However, Keats training increases the amount of time he writes, and he is increasingly in doubt about his medical career. He feels that he faces a hard choice. He has written his first old poem, "An Imitation of Spenser," in 1814, when he was 19 years old. Now, deeply attracted by ambition, inspired by fellow poets such as Leigh Hunt and Lord Byron, and beleaguered by the family's financial crisis, he experiences a period of depression. His brother George wrote that John "feared that he should never be a poet, & amp; if he did not he would destroy himself". In 1816, Keats received his pharmacist's license, which made him eligible to practice as a pharmacist, doctor, and surgeon, but before the end of the year he announced to his guardian that he decided to become a poet, not a surgeon.

Although he continues his work and training at Guy's, Keats devotes more time to studying literature, experimenting with verse forms, especially sonnets. In May 1816, Leigh Hunt agreed to publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine, The Examiner, the leading liberal magazine of the time. It was the first appearance in Keats poetry, and Charles Cowden Clarke described it as his friend's red-day letter, the first proof that Keats's ambition is valid. Among his poems in 1816 were To My Brothers . In the summer of that year, Keats went with Clarke to the seaside town of Margate to write. There he started "Calidore" and started his letter-writing era. Upon his return to London, he stayed at 8 Dean Street, Southwark, and prepared to study further in order to become a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

In October 1816, Clarke introduced Keats to the influential Leigh Hunt, a close friend of Byron and Shelley. Five months later the publication of Poetry , the first volume of the Keats verse, which included "I stand on tiptoes" and "Sleep and Poetry," are both heavily influenced by Hunt. The book was a critical failure, arousing little interest, even though Reynolds reviewed it well in The Champion. Clarke commented that the book "might appear in Timbuctoo." Keats publishers, Charles and James Ollier, were embarrassed by the book. Keats immediately changed the publisher to Taylor and Hessey at Fleet Street. Unlike Olliers, Keats' new publishers are very enthusiastic about his work. Within a month of publication Poems they planned a new Keats volume and had paid him an advance. Hessey became a regular friend to Keats and made the company room available for young writers to meet. Their publishing list eventually includes Coleridge, Hazlitt, Clare, Hogg, Carlyle and Lamb.

Through Taylor and Hessey, Keats meets their Eton-educated lawyer, Richard Woodhouse, who advises them on literature as well as legal matters and is very impressed with Poetry . Although he notes that Keats can "change, tremble, be dauntless," Woodhouse is convinced of Keats's genius, a poet to support when he became one of Britain's greatest writers. As soon as they meet, the two become close friends, and Woodhouse starts collecting Keatsiana, documenting as much as possible about Keats poetry. This archive survives as one of the main sources of information about Keats' work. Andrew Motion represents him as Boswell to Keats' Johnson, relentlessly promoting his work, fighting for his angle, and spurring his poetry to a higher level. In later years, Woodhouse was one of the few who accompanied Keats to Gravesend to begin his final trip to Rome.

In spite of the bad reviews from Poetry , Hunt published an essay "The Three Youngest Poets" (Shelley, Keats, and Reynolds) and Sonnets "On First Look to Chapman Homer," foretelling the great things to come. He introduced Keats to many prominent men in his circle, including The Times editor of Thomas Barnes; author Charles Lamb; conductor Vincent Novello; and poet John Hamilton Reynolds, who will be close friends. He also regularly met William Hazlitt, a powerful literary figure of the day. It was a decisive turning point for Keats, setting him in the public eye as a figure in what Hunt called "the new school of poetry." At this time, Keats wrote to his friend, Bailey: "I am sure there is nothing but the sanctity of the Heart's love and the truth of the imagination.What the imagination feels as Beauty is the truth." This section will eventually be converted into the closing line "Ode on a Grecian Urn": " 'Beauty is the truth, the beauty of truth' - it's all/you know on earth, and everything you need to know". In early December 1816, under the influence of his artistic friends, Keats told Abbey that he had decided to stop taking medicine for poetry, for Abbey's outrage. Keats has spent much time on his medical training and, despite the state of his financial difficulties and debt, has lent large amounts to friends like the painter Benjamin Haydon. Keats will continue to lend Ã‚ Â£ 700 to his brother, George. By lending so much, Keats can no longer cover his own debt interest.

After leaving his training in the hospital, suffering from a cold, and not happy living in a humid room in London, Keats moved with his siblings into a room at 1 Well Walk in the village of Hampstead in April 1817. Both John and George treated their brother Tom, who suffer from tuberculosis. The house was close to Hunt and the others from the circle at Hampstead, as well as Coleridge, the respected elder of the first wave of the Romantic poet, at that time living in Highgate. On April 11, 1818, Keats reported that he and Coleridge had walked together at Hampstead Heath. In a letter to his brother George, Keats writes that they are talking about "a thousand things,... nightingale, poetry, poetic sensation, metaphysics." Around this time he was introduced to Charles Wentworth Dilke and James Rice.

In June 1818, Keats embarked on a tour around Scotland, Ireland, and the Lake District with his friend Charles Armitage Brown. Brother Keats, George and his wife, Georgina, accompanied them to Lancaster and then proceeded to Liverpool, where the couple had emigrated to America. They lived in Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, until 1841, when George's investment failed. Like Keats's other brothers, they both died without money and were tortured by tuberculosis, for which there was no effective treatment until the next century. In July, while on the Isle of Mull, Keats was hit by a bad flu and was "too skinny and fever to continue the journey." After returning to the south in August, Keats continues to care for Tom, exposing himself to infection. Some biographers argue that this is when tuberculosis, its "family disease," was first held. "Consumption" was not identified as a disease with the origin of a single infection until 1820, and there was a stigma attached to the condition, as it was often associated with weakness, suppressed sexual arousal, or masturbation. Keats "refused to name" in his letters. Tom Keats died on December 1, 1818.

Wentworth Place

John Keats moved to a newly built Wentworth Place, owned by his friend Charles Armitage Brown. It's on the edge of Hampstead Heath, a ten-minute walk south from his old home on Well Walk. The winter of 1818-19, despite a difficult period for poets, marked the beginning of the annus mirabilis where he wrote his most mature works. He was inspired by a series of recent lectures by Hazlitt about the English poet and poetic identity and has also met Wordsworth. Keats may seem to his friends to live in a comfortable way, but in reality he borrows regularly from Abbey and his friends.

He composed five of his six major teams at Wentworth Place in April and May and, although debated in which order they were written, "Ode to Psyche" opens the published series. According to Brown, "Ode to a Nightingale" is arranged under a plum tree in the garden. Brown wrote, "In the spring of 1819, the nightingale built its nest near my house, Keats felt a calm and continuous joy in his song, and one morning he took a chair from the breakfast table to the meadow beneath the plum. he sat for two or three hours.When he entered the house, I felt he had some pieces of paper in his hand, and this he was secretly pushed behind the books.On the investigation, I found the pieces, four or five "Dilke, one of the homeowners, strongly denied the story, printed in the biography of Keats by Richard Monckton Milnes in 1848, and considered it a" pure fantasy ".

"Ode on the Greek Jar" and "Ode on Melancholy" were inspired by the forms of sonnets and probably written after "Ode to a Nightingale". New and progressive publishers from Keats Taylor and Hessey released Endymion, which is for Keats for Thomas Chatterton, a work he calls the "Imagination Power experiment". It was condemned by the critics, giving rise to the rebuttal of Byron that Keats was eventually "extinguished by an article", suggesting that he never really forgot it. A very hard review by John Wilson Croker appeared in the April 1818 edition of The Quarterly Review. John Gibson Lockhart writes in Blackwood's Magazine , describes Endymion as "the unshakable ignorant driveling." With sarcasm biting, Lockhart advises, "It's a better and wiser thing to be a hungry pharmacist than a starving poet, so go back to Mr. John's shop, back to the plaster box, pills, and ointments." It was Lockhart at Blackwoods that created the defamation term "School Cockney" for Hunt and his circle, which included Hazlitt and Keats. The dismissal was as political as literature, aimed at novice young writers who were considered rude for lack of education, non-formal rhymes and "low diction". They did not attend Eton, Harrow or Oxbridge and they were not from the upper classes.

In 1819, Keats wrote "The Eve of St Agnes", "La Belle Dame sans Merci", "Hyperion", "Lamia" and a drama, Otho the Great (very damned and not shown until 1950). The "Fancy" and "Bards of passion and of mirth" poems are inspired by the Wentworth Place gardens. In September, very short of money and in desperation considering taking journalism or posting as a ship surgeon, he approached his publisher with a new poetry book. They were not impressed by the collection, found the confusing "Lamia" versions, and described "St. Agnes" having "pettish disgust" and the style of "a Don Juan" combine sentiment and sneer "summed it up" an unsuitable poem for women "Keats the last volume of life to see, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems , finally published in July 1820. It earned greater praise than Endymion or Poetry , find favorable notices in both The Examiner and Edinburgh Review .It will be recognized as one of the most important poetic works ever published.

Wentworth Place is now home to Keats House museum.

Isabella Jones and Fanny Brawne

Keats befriended Isabella Jones in May 1817, while on vacation in the village of Bo Peep, near Hastings. He is portrayed as a beautiful, talented and widely read person, not of the top society but financially secure, a mysterious figure who will be part of the Keats circle. Throughout their friendship, Keats never hesitates to have her sexual attraction to her, though they seem to enjoy spinning around each other rather than offering a commitment. He writes that he "frequented his rooms" in the winter of 1818-19, and in his letters to George said he "warmed himself" and "kissed him." Trysts may be a sexual initiation for Keats by Bate and Gittings. Jones is inspired and is the organizer of Keats writing. Themes "The Eve of St Agnes" and "The Eve of St Mark" may have been suggested by him, lyrics Hush, Hush! ["o sweet Isabel"] is about him, and that the first version of "Bright Star" might be originally for him. In 1821, Jones was one of the first in Britain to be informed of Keats' death.

Letters and drafts of poetry show that Keats first met Frances (Fanny) Brawne between September and November 1818. Probably 18-year-old Brawne visited Dilke's family at Wentworth Place before he lived there. She was born in West End village (now in West Hampstead district), on August 9, 1800. Like Keats's grandfather, her grandfather defended the inn in London, and both lost several family members due to tuberculosis. She shares her first name with sister and mother Keats, and has a knack for making clothes and languages â€‹â€‹as well as bending the theater naturally. During November 1818 he developed intimacy with Keats, but was overshadowed by Tom Keats disease, which John suckled through this period.

On April 3, 1819, Brawne and her widowed mother moved to another part of Dilke's Wentworth Place, and Keats and Brawne were able to meet each other every day. Keats begins to lend Brawne's book, like Dante's Inferno , and they will read together. She gave him the love son of "Bright Star" (possibly revised for him) as a declaration. This is an ongoing work that continues until the last months of his life, and the poem is then linked to their relationship. "All his wishes are concentrated on Fanny". From this point there is no further explanation of Isabella Jones. Sometime before the end of June, he arrived at some sort of understanding with Brawne, away from formal engagement because he still had too little to offer, without the prospect and financial pressure. Keats suffered a major conflict by knowing his hopes as a poet struggling in increasingly difficult difficulties would hinder marriage with Brawne. Their love remains unabsorbed; jealousy because his 'star' started to gnaw at him. Darkness, disease and depression surround it, reflected in poems like "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "La Belle Dame sans Merci" where love and death are both stalking. "I have two luxuries to reflect on my streets;" he wrote to him, "... your beauty, and the hour of my death".

In one of hundreds of notes and letters, Keats wrote to Brawne on October 13, 1819: "My love makes me selfish I can not be without you - I forget everything but see you again - My life seems to stop there - I do not see any further. You have absorbed me I have a sensation at this moment as if I am dissolving - I must suffer so hopelessly soon see you... I have wondered that Men can die martyrs for religion - I shudder that - I shudder again - I can be martyred for my religion - love is my religion - I can die for it - I can die for you. "

Tuberculosis holds and he is advised by his doctor to move to a warmer climate. In September 1820 Keats went to Rome knowing that he might never see Brawne again. After leaving, he feels unable to write to him or read his letters, even though he does fit his mother. He died there five months later. None of the Brawne letters to the surviving Keats.

It took a month for news of his death to reach London, after which Brawne remained mourning for six years. In 1833, more than 12 years after his death, he married and then had three children; he lives longer than Keats for over 40 years.

Last month: Roma

During the 1820s Keats showed an increasingly serious symptom of tuberculosis, suffering from two lung bleedings in the first few days of February. He lost a lot of blood and was spat out further by the treating doctor. Hunt took care of him in London during the following summer. At the advice of his doctor, he agreed to move to Italy with his friend Joseph Severn. On September 13, they left for Gravesend and four days later went up to the sailing brig Maria Crowther , where he made the final revision of "Bright Star". The journey was a minor disaster: a storm broke out followed by a dead calm which slowed the progress of the ship. When they finally docked in Naples, the ship was held in quarantine for ten days due to an alleged cholera outbreak in Britain. Keats arrived in Rome on November 14, where at that moment any hope of the warmer climate he was looking for had vanished.

Keats wrote his last letter on November 30, 1820 to Charles Armitage Brown; "It's the hardest thing in the world for me to write letters, my stomach is so bad that I feel worse when I open any book - but I'm much better than I'm in Quarantine, then I'm afraid to face the proing and conning of every thing which appeals to me in the UK I have a habit of my real life after the past, and that I lead the posthumous existence ".

Upon arriving in Italy, he moved to a villa on the Spanish Steps in Rome, today's Keats-Shelley Memorial House museum. Regardless of concern from Severn and Dr. James Clark, his health deteriorated rapidly. The medical attention Keats received might have hastened his death. In November 1820, Clark stated that the source of his illness was "mental exertion" and that the source was mostly located in his stomach. Clark eventually diagnoses consumption (tuberculosis) and puts Keats on an anchovy famine diet and a piece of bread a day intended to reduce blood flow to his stomach. He also made the bled poet: the standard treatment of the day, but may also be a significant contributor to Keats' weakness. Severn biographer Sue Brown writes: "They can use opium in small doses, and Keats has asked Severn to buy a bottle of opium when they leave for the voyage.What Severn does not realize is that Keats sees it as a possible resource if he wants to commit suicide He tried to take a bottle from Severn on the way, but Severn would not let him in. Then in Rome he tried again... Severn in such confusion, he did not know what "So, in the end he went to the doctor who took him away. As a result, Keats suffered tremendous pain with nothing to ease his pain. "Keats is angry with Severn and Clark when they do not give him a laudanum (opiate).He repeatedly demands" how long does my anumis exist to go? "

Death

The first months of 1821 marked a slow and steady decline to the final stage of tuberculosis. Keats cough up blood and covered in sweat. When she first coughs blood, she says, "I know the color of the blood! It is arterial blood, I can not be deceived with that color." A bloody drop is my death certificate.

Severn cared for him attentively and watched in letters how Keats sometimes wept when he woke up and found himself alive. Severn writes,

Keats rave until I'm in complete trembling for him... about four, approach to death comes. [Keats said] "Severn - I - pick me up - I'm dying - I'll die easily, do not be afraid - be firm, and thank God God has come." I lifted it into my arms. Dahak seemed to boil in his throat, and rose until eleven o'clock, when he was slowly immersed in death, so quiet, that I still thought he was sleeping.

John Keats died in Rome on February 23, 1821 and was buried in Rome's Protestant Cemetery. His last request was placed under a tombstone that had no name or date, just the words, "This is where the Name is written in Water." Severn and Brown erected stones, which were under the relief of lyre with broken ropes, including tombstones:

This tomb/contains all the Mortal/Young English Poets/Who/in His Death Bed, in His Bit of Heart/on the Dangerous Strength of His Enemies/Desirable/These Words to/engraved in His Stone of Mausoleum:/ Here located One/Its name written in Water. February 24, 1821

This text contains an echo of Catullus LXX

Sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti/in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua (What does a woman say to a passionate lover/must be written in wind and running water).

There is a one day difference between the official date of death and on the tombstone. Severn and Brown added their lines to the rock in protest at Keats's critical acceptance of his work. Hunt blamed his death on the Quarterly Review attacks of Endymion. As Byron describes in his narrative poem Don Juan ;

Seven weeks after Shelley's funeral memorializes Keats in his poem AdonaÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¯s . Clark looks at the planting of daisies in the cemetery, saying that Keats will want it. For public health reasons, Italian health authorities burned furniture in Keats' rooms, scraping walls, creating new windows, doors and floors. Abu Shelley, one of Keats' most powerful champions, is buried in the cemetery and Joseph Severn is buried beside Keats. Describing the site today, Marsh wrote, "In the old part of the cemetery, there is hardly any field when Keats is buried here, now there are pine umbrellas, myrtle bushes, roses, and rugs of wild violets".

Maps John Keats

Reception

When Keats died at the age of 25, he had been writing poetry seriously for only about six years, from 1814 to the summer of 1820; and publishing for only four. In his lifetime, the sale of three Keats volumes probably amounted to only 200 copies. His first poem, O Solitude's sonnet, appeared in the Examiner in May 1816, while his collection Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and other poems were published in July 1820 before his last visit to Rome. The compression of poetic apprenticeship and his poetic maturity in a very short time is just one extraordinary aspect of Keats' work.

Although prolific during his short career, and now one of Britain's most widely studied and admired poets, his reputation rested on a small work, centered on Odes, and only in the creative outpouring of his last short life years was that he was able to express the inner intensity who has been praised since his death. Keats is sure that he did not make a mark in his lifetime. Realizing that he was dying, he wrote to Fanny Brawne in February 1820, "I leave no lasting job behind me - no one makes my friends proud of my memory - but I have loved the beauty principle in every way, and if I had time I would make myself remember. "

Keats' abilities and talents are recognized by some influential contemporary allies such as Shelley and Hunt. Her admirers praised her for thinking "in her pulse", for having developed a more laden style with sensuality, prettier in effect, more lively than the poet who came before her: 'loading every crack with ore'. Shelley often corresponds with Keats in Rome and loudly declares that Keats' death has been brought on by bad reviews in the Quarterly Review. Seven weeks after the funeral he wrote AdonaÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¯s , the desperate elegi, stating that Keats's early death was a personal and public tragedy:

Although Keats writes that "if poetry comes not naturally like Leaf to tree, it should not come at all", poetry is not easy to come to him; his work is the fruit of a deliberate and prolonged classical personal education. He may have a congenital poetic sensitivity, but his original work clearly belonged to a young man who learned his skills. His first attempt at the verse was often vague, with a strict narcotics and lacked clear eyes. His poetic feelings were based on the conventional tastes of his friend Charles Cowden Clarke, who first introduced him to classics, and also came from Hunt's predilection of Examiner, which Keats reads as a boy. Hunt jeered at the Augustan school or the 'French' school, dominated by the Pope, and attacked the previous romantic poets, Wordsworth and Coleridge, now in their forties, as unsophisticated, obscure and rude writers. Indeed, for several years of Keats as a published poet, the reputation of the older Romantic school was at its lowest point. Keats came to echo this sentiment in his work, identifying himself with the 'new school' for a while, somewhat alienating him from Wordsworth, Coleridge and Byron and providing the basis for the spicy attacks of Blackwoods and The Quarterly .

At the time of his death, Keats has therefore been linked to the fine stains of the old and new schools: the obscurity of the first wave of Romantics and the uneducated pretense of the "Cockney School Hunt". Keats's anatomical reputation mixes the caricatures of the clumsy, clumsy critics with the image of a hyper-sensitive genius who is killed by a high feeling, which Shelley later describes.

The taste of Victorian poetry as a masterpiece of delights and luxurious luxury offers the scheme in which Keats is posthumously installed. Marked as the standard carrier of sense writing, its reputation grows steadily and remarkably. His work received the full support of influential Cambridge Apostles, whose members included the young Tennyson, then the popular Poet Poet who came to regard Keats as the greatest poet of the nineteenth century. Constance Naden was an admirer of his poems, arguing that his genius lay in the 'remarkable sensitivity to all elements of beauty'. In 1848, twenty-seven years after Keats's death, Richard Monckton Milnes published his first complete biography, which helped put Keats in the English literary canon. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, including Millais and Rossetti, was inspired by Keats and painted scenes from his poems including "The Eve of St. Agnes", "Isabella" and "La Belle Dame sans Merci", the images are fertile, captivating, and popular that remains closely tied to Keats' work.

In 1882, Swinburne wrote in EncyclopÃƒÆ'Ã‚|dia Britannica that "Ode to a Nightingale, [was] one of the last masterpieces of human works of all time and for all ages". In the 20th century, Keats remained a poet poet like Wilfred Owen, who made his dating date as a day of mourning, Yeats and T. S. Eliot. Critic Helen Vendler states that odes "is a group of works in which English finds the final manifestation". Bate states To Autumn : "Every generation has found it as one of the closest poems in the English language" and M. R. Ridley claims ode "is the most flawlessly perfect poem in our language."

The largest collection of Keats letters, manuscripts, and other papers is in the Houghton Library at Harvard University. Other material collections are archived at the British Library, Keats House, Hampstead, Keats-Shelley Memorial House in Rome and the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. Since 1998, the British Keats-Shelley Memorial Association annually presents gifts for romantic poetry. A blue plaque of the Royal Society of Arts was inaugurated in 1896 to commemorate Keats in Keats House.

Biography

None of Keats's biography was written by people who knew him. Shortly after his death, his publisher announced that they would soon publish the Memoirs and the remnants of John Keats but his friends refused to cooperate and argue with each other as long as the project was abandoned. Leigh Hunt's Lord Byron and some of his contemporaries (1828) gave the first biographical report, stressing the humble origin of Keats, a continuing misunderstanding. Given that he became an important figure in artistic circles, a series of other publications followed, including the anthology of many of his notes, chapters and letters. However, early accounts often provide contradictory versions or highly biased and arguable versions. His friends, Brown, Severn, Dilke, Shelley, and his guardian Richard Abbey, his publisher Taylor, Fanny Brawne and many others issued a posthumous remark about Keats' life. These early writings colored all the subsequent biographies and had been embedded in the body of Keats legend.

Shelley promotes Keats as someone whose accomplishments are inseparable from the suffering, which is "spiritualist" because of its decline and is too set to survive the harshness of life; the consumptive and suffering imagery deployed today. The first full biography was published in 1848 by Richard Monckton Milnes. Keats Landmark biography since including Sidney Colvin, Robert Gittings, Walter Jackson Bate and Andrew Motion. The ideal image of a heroic romantic poet who struggles against poverty and dying young is exaggerated by the late arrival of authoritative biographies and an inaccurate lack of resemblance. Most of the remaining portraits of Keats were painted after his death, and those who knew him claimed they had not captured their unique qualities and intensities.

Other depictions

John Keats: Life and Death , the first major film about Keats' life, was produced in 1973 by EncyclopÃƒÆ'Ã‚|dia Britannica, Inc. It was directed by John Barnes. John Stride plays John Keats and Janina Faye plays Fanny Brawne.

The 2009 film Bright Star , written and directed by Jane Campion, focuses on Keats' relationship with Fanny Brawne. Inspired by the 1997 Keats biography written by Andrew Motion, he starred in Ben Whishaw as Keats and Abbie Cornish as Fanny.

In the book Dan Wells A Night of Blacker Darkness , John Keats is portrayed in a comedy tone. He is the companion and best friend of the protagonist.

In the book Dan Simmons Hyperion, one of his characters is an imitation of John Keats, who has personality and memories.

In Tim Powers's Stress of Her Regardass, John Keats, along with Percy Shelley and Lord Byron, are victims of vampires and his talents with language and poetry are a direct consequence of vampires' attention breeds.

Julie Bozza's book tells the Gothic version of fantasy from Keats last months in Rome. As a Shakespeare, Keats was recruited by naval lieutenant Andrew Sullivan to spy on the antagonist, Adrian Hart, who had dubbed himself 'Iago'. Joseph Severn, Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley, Lord Byron and William Fletcher also joined.

John Keats] When I Have Fears That I May Cease To Be - YouTube

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Letters

The Keats letters were first published in 1848 and 1878. During the 19th century, critics assumed they were not worthy of attention, a disturbance of his poetic work. During the 20th century they were almost equally admired and studied as poetry, and highly respected in the English literary correspondence canon. T. S. Eliot described it as "certainly the most important and most important ever written by any English poet." Keats spends a lot of time considering the poem itself, its construction and its effects, displaying an unusual deep interest among its surroundings that is more easily distracted by metaphysics or politics, fashion or science. Eliot writes about Keats's conclusion; "There is hardly a single statement of Keats about poetry that... will not be found to be true, and moreover, true for a larger and more mature poem than anything Keats ever wrote."

Some of Keats's letters still exist from the period before he joined his literary circle. From the spring of 1817, however, there was a rich record of productive and impressive skills as a letter writer. Keats and his friends, poets, critics, novelists, and editors write to each other every day, and Keats ideas are tied in the usual, missives daily sharing news, parodies, and social commentary. They glisten with humor and critical intelligence. Born from "self-awareness consciousness," they are impulsive, full of awareness of their own nature and their weak points. When his brother George went to America, Keats wrote to him in great detail, a collection of letters that became the "real journal" and the self-disclosure of Keats life, and contained his philosophical explanation, and the first draft of the poem. contains some of Keats's best insights and thoughts. Gittings describes it as a "spiritual journal" not written for others, just as it is for synthesis.

Keats also reflects the background and composition of his poems, and certain letters often coincide with or anticipate the poems they describe. From February to May 1819 he produced many of his best letters. Writing to his brother, George, Keats explores the idea of â€‹â€‹the world as "the valley of the making of the Soul," anticipating the great odor he will write a few months later. letters, Keats created ideas such as the Mansion of Many Apartments and Chameleon Poet, a concept that came to earn the common currency and capture the public's imagination, though it only made a single appearance as a phrase in its correspondence. The thought of poetry, Keats argues:

not having self - it is everything and nothing - It has no character - it enjoys light and shadow;... What surprises the virtuous philosopher, the merciful favors [chameleon] chameleon [chameleon]. There is nothing to lose from his penchant for the dark side of things more than from a sense to the light; as both end up in speculation. A Poet is the most uneducated of everything that exists; because it has no Identity - it is continuously in - and fills some other bodies - the Sun, the Moon, the Sea and the Man and Woman who are impulse creatures are poetic and possess unchangeable attributes - the poet does not possess them; there is no identity - he must be the most insignificant of all God's Creations.

He uses the term negative ability to discuss the circumstances in which we "are able to be in uncertainty, Mystery, doubt without irritability after facts & reasons... [Be] content with half knowledge" where one belief in the hearts of perception. He writes then: "I am sure there is nothing but the purity of affection. The heart and the truth of Imagination - What the imagination feels as beauty must be truth - whether it was before or not - because I have the same Idea of â€‹â€‹all our Passions. they are all in the essential creative essence, "again and again turning to the question of what it means to be a poet. "My imagination is a Monastery and I am a Monk", Keats told Shelley. In September 1819, Keats wrote to Reynolds "How beautiful is the current season - How good is the air, the sharpness of that climate... I never equate the fallen fields as they are now - Aye, better than cold green, spring. the plains of straw look warm - in the same way as some of the photos look warm - this is very surprising to me in my Sunday journey that I compose on it.Sanza last from his last big ode: "To Autumn" running:

Then, To Autumn became one of the most highly appreciated poems in English.

There are areas of life and daily routines that Keats does not explain. He mentions a bit about his childhood or his financial difficulties and seems embarrassed to discuss it. No reference at all to his parents. In his final year, as his health deteriorated, his concerns often gave way to hopelessness and unnatural obsessions. The publication of the letter to Fanny Brawne in 1870 focused on this period and emphasized this tragic aspect, leading to widespread criticism at the time.

Work

Poetry and Prose Keats. Ed. [(Jeffrey N. Cox)]. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2008. ISBNÃƒ, 978-0393924916
John Keats . Ed. Susan Wolfson. Longman, 2007.
Selected Letters John Keats. Ed. Grant F. Scott. Harvard University Press, 2002.
John Keats: Manuscript Poetry at Harvard, Facsimile Edition. Ed. Jack Stillinger. Harvard University Press, 1990. ISBNÃƒ, 0-674-47775-8
Full Poem. Ed. Jack Stillinger. Harvard University Press, 1982.
John Keats Poem. Ed. Jack Stillinger. Harvard University Press, 1978.
John Keats Letters 1814-1821 Volumes 1 and 2 Ed. Hyder Edward Rollins. Harvard University Press, 1958.
John Keats's Complete Poetic Works. Ed. H. Buxton Forman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1907.
The Complete Poetic and Letter from John Keats. ed. Horace Elisha Scudder. Boston: Riverside Press, 1899.

John Keats

Rabu, 11 Juli 2018

John Keats

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