Anne Bradstreet (March 20, 1612 - 16 September 1672), nÃÆ' Â © e Dudley , is the most distinguished of the early English poets of North America and the first author in North England The colony- American colonies will be published. He was the first Puritan in American Literature and was famous for the great corpus of poetry, as well as personal writings published posthumously.
Born from a wealthy Puritan family in Northampton, England, Bradstreet is a widely read scholar mainly influenced by the works of Du Bartas. A mother of eight children and the wife of a public official in the New England community, Bradstreet writes poetry in addition to her other duties. The work was originally read in the style of Du Bartas, but his writings later developed into his unique poetic style centered on his role as a mother, his struggle with the suffering of life, and his Puritan faith.
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In portraits painted by her poems later on, Bradstreet is described as 'an educated English woman, a loving wife, a devout mother, a queen consort from Massachusetts, a sought-after Puritan and a sensitive poet.'
The first volume of Bradstreet poetry was The Tenth Muse of Lately Sprung Up in America , published in 1650. It met with positive reception both in the Old World and the New World.
Life
Anne was born in Northampton, England, 1612, the daughter of Thomas Dudley, the servant of the Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke. Because of his family's position, he grew up in a cultured environment and was an educated woman for his time, taught in history, several languages, and literature. At the age of sixteen he married Simon Bradstreet. Anne's father and husband both served as governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Anne and Simon, along with Anne's parents, emigrated to America aboard the Arbella as part of the Winthrop Fleet of Puritan emigrants in 1630. He first felt the land of America on 14 June 1630 in what is now become a Pioneer Village. (Salem, Massachusetts) with Simon, his parents, and other voyagers as part of the Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640). Due to the disease and starvation of Governor John Endecott and other villagers, their stay was very short. Most of them moved immediately south along the coast to Charlestown, Massachusetts for a short stay before moving south along the Charles River to find the "City on the Hill," Boston, Massachusetts.
The Bradstreet family soon moved again, this time to what is now Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1632, Anne had her first child, Samuel, in Newe Towne, as it was later called. Despite his poor health, he has eight children and achieves a comfortable social status. Having previously suffered smallpox as a teenager in England, Anne will once again fall prey to illness when paralysis takes over her joints in subsequent years. In the early 1640s, Simon once again suppressed his wife, containing her sixth child, to move sixth time, from Ipswich, Massachusetts to Andover Parish. North Andover is an original city founded in 1646 by the Stevens, Osgood, Johnson, Farnum, Barker, and Bradstreet families amongst others. Anne and her family live in the Old Center of North Andover, Massachusetts [1]. They never lived in what is now known as "Andover" in the south.
Both Anne's father and her husband played a role in the founding of Harvard in 1636. His two sons were graduates, Samuel (Class 1653) and Simon (Class 1660). In October 1997, the Harvard community dedicated a gateway to commemorating it as the first published poet in America (see last paragraph below). The Bradstreet Gate is located next to Canaday Hall, the newest dorm at Harvard Yard.
In 1650, Pdt. John Woodbridge has The Tenth Muse of Lately Sprung Up in America created by "A Gentlewoman from The Parts" [2] published in London, making Anne the first female poet ever published in England. and the New World. On July 10, 1666, their North Andover family house was burned (see "Jobs" below) in a fire that left Bradstreets homeless and with little personal belongings. At that moment, Anne's health slowly failed. She suffered from tuberculosis and had to deal with losing loved ones. But his will remains strong and as a reflection of his religious devotion and knowledge of the biblical scriptures, he finds peace in the firm conviction that his daughter-in-law, Mercy and grandchild are in heaven.
Anne Bradstreet died on September 16, 1672 in North Andover, Massachusetts at the age of 60 years of tuberculosis. The exact location of his tomb is uncertain but many historians believe that his body was at the Old Burry Ground at Academy Road and Osgood Street in North Andover. Four years after Anne's death in 1672, Simon Bradstreet married a second time to a woman also named Anne (Gardiner). In 1697 Simon died and was buried in Salem.
The Merrimack Valley area is currently described as "The Valley of the Poets."
A marker at the northern Andover cemetery commemorates the 350th anniversary of the publication of The Tenth Muse in London in 1650. The site and Bradstreet Gate at Harvard and Bradstreet's Kindergarten in North Andover may be the only place in America that respects his memory. In 2015, Bradstreet Kindergarten is torn down in North Andover.
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Background
Anne Bradstreet's education provides the advantage that enables her to write with authority on politics, history, medicine, and theology. The library of his private book is said to number over 9000, though many are destroyed when his home is burned. The show itself inspired a poem entitled "After the Burning of Our Homes July 10, 1666". He rejects the anger and sadness that this earthly tragedy has caused him and instead looks to God and guarantees Paradise as a comfort, saying:
As a younger poet, Bradstreet writes five quaternions, epic poems of four parts each (see the works below) that explore the different but complementary qualities of their subject. Most of Bradstreet's poetry is based on observing the world around him, focusing on domestic and religious themes, and is considered by Cotton Mather a monument to his memory beyond the highest marble. Long considered primarily in historical interest, he won critical acceptance in the 20th century as the author of the eternal verse, especially for the sequence of religious poems "Contemplation", written for his family and not published until the mid-19th century. Bradstreet's work was strongly influenced by the poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas, favored by the readers of the 17th century.
Nearly a century later, Martha Wadsworth Brewster, a famous 18th-century American poet and writer, in his main work, Poetry of Different Subjects , influenced and paid tribute to Bradstreet's verse.
Regardless of traditional attitudes toward women at the time, he clearly valued knowledge and intelligence; he is a free thinker and some consider him an early feminist; unlike the more radical Anne Hutchinson, however, Bradstreet's feminism does not reflect the heterodox, antinomian view. Based on his poetry, Bradstreet can also be considered as a complement. An example of this is in his poem "In Honor that the High Princess and Mighty Queen Elizabeth of the Happy Memories", in which she praises Queen Elizabeth as evidence that the common perception men have about women is wrong. He tends to focus on Elizabeth's ability to excel in more masculine fields, such as war, as we see in the line below.
In 1647, Bradstreet's brother-in-law, Pdt. John Woodbridge, sailed to England, carrying a manuscript of poetry. Although Anne later said that she did not know Woodbridge would publish her manuscript, in her self-disparaging poetry, "" The Writer for His Book, "" she wrote Woodbridge's letter when she was in London, showing her knowledge of the publication plan. But Anne has little choice, as a poet, it is important for her to undermine her ambition as a writer. Otherwise, he will face criticism for "unconsciousness". Anne's first work was published in London as The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America "by Gentlewoman of the Parts".
The purpose of this publication appears to have been an attempt by the devout Puritan people (Thomas Dudley, Simon Bradstreet, John Woodbridge) to show that a pious and educated woman can improve her position as a wife and mother, placing it in competition with men. Very few people at that time agreed with that belief. Mrs. Bradstreet experienced and ignored many gender biases during her life in the New World.
In 1678, he revised his own Several Poems Composed with Various Wits and Lessons published in America, and included one of his most famous poems, "To My Dear and Loving Husband".
The book is owned by the Stevens Memorial Library [3] from North Andover and is in the Houghton Library [4] at Harvard.
A quote from Bradstreet can be found on a plaque at the Bradstreet Gate at Harvard Yard: "I came to this Country, where I discovered a new World and a new manners where my heart rose." Unfortunately this plaque seems to be based on misinterpretations; The following sentence is "But once I believe it is God's way, I submit and join the church in Boston." This shows that his heart rose in protest rather than in joy.
Female role
Marriage plays a major role in the life of Puritan women. In Bradstreet's poem, "To Dear Husband and Compassionate," he reveals that he is one with her husband. "If there are two, we must be." Puritans believe that since marriage is ordained by God, it is a gift from God. He loved his gift so through the use of his poetry, he was able to express his love for God's gift to her husband. In another Bradstreet work, "Before the Birth of One of His Children", Bradstreet acknowledged God's gift of marriage. In the phrase, "And if I do not see half the days I should be, what nature will be, God gave to you, and you;" Bradstreet says that if he will die soon, what will God give to her husband. She can refer to her as possible to remarry after she died. Another line indicates that he believes that it is possible for her husband to remarry. Using lines, "O protects from a stepdame injury", Bradstreet calls for his children to be protected from future stepmother abuse. The fact that Bradstreet believes that God will give her husband with a new wife if she dies shows how many Puritan women believe in marriage and how God gives them with this gift.
Throughout "Letter to Her Husband, Absent on Public Works," Bradstreet expressed how his feelings disappeared when her husband was not around and that life was always better when he was around. In Bradstreet's poems, it can be assumed that he really loves her husband and misses her when she is away from him and family. Often, when it comes to the role that women play in all Puritan societies, it can be assumed that women hate husbands because they are considered more than women. In this case, Bradstreet does not hate her husband for abandoning him with his family and with all the household needs; she just missed him and wanted him back with him.
The main role of women in Puritan society is to be wives and mothers, and to provide families with their daily needs. Women are expected to make clothes for the family, cook food, keep the household clean, and teach children how to live the Puritan lifestyle. All these tasks alone can keep women busy, but they've done everything, and will still serve their husbands when they get home from work. With this being said, Puritan women are hardworking in everything they do.
Some of Bradstreet's work also shows that the role of Puritan women for them to care for their children. Bradstreet's works are dedicated to his own children. In works such as "Before the Birth of One of His Children" and "Consistent with His Children", Bradstreet shows the love he has for his children, both unborn and born. In Puritan society, children are also a gift from God, and he loves and cares for all his children as he loves and cares for her husband. He always believed that they were also bound by him to make "one".
Reception
Since writing was not considered an acceptable role for women at the time, Bradstreet was met with criticism. One of the most prominent figures of his time, John Winthrop, criticized Ann Hopkins, wife of governor of the prominent Connecticut Edward Hopkins colony. He mentions in his journal that Hopkins should continue to be a housewife and write and read for men, "whose minds are stronger." Despite harsh criticism of women during that time, Bradstreet continued to write that led to the belief that he was interested in rebelling against social norms at the time.
A prominent minister at the time, Thomas Parker, also opposed the idea of ​​women writing and sending letters to his own brother who said that publishing books was beyond the field of what should be done by women. No doubt he opposed writing Bradstreet as well. This negative view is probably supplemented by the fact that Puritan ideology states that women are much inferior to men.
Literary styles and themes
Background
Bradstreet let his longing imagination go to the home of his study marshall, for God's glory and for the expression of an inquisitive mind and a sensitive philosophical soul.
We see examples of this longing imagination in his poem "Dialogue between Old and New England" emphasizing the relationship between the fatherland and the colony as parents; and assures that the ties between the two countries will continue. It also implies that anything that happens to Britain will also affect America. Syair often refer to Britain as "mother" and America as "Girl", which emphasizes the Bradstreet bond that feels itself to his home country.
The intended audience
Anne Bradstreet's works tend to be addressed to her family members and are generally intimate. For example, in Bradstreet "To My Dear and Loving Husband", the intended audience is her husband, Simon Bradstreet. The focus point of this poem is the love she has for her husband. "I reward your love more than the whole gold mine". For Bradstreet, her husband's love is worth more than some of the best treasures on earth. She also makes a point to show her husband that no one can fill the love she has for her husband. The lines, "My love is such that the river can not go out," the rivers symbolize death, which he says the fire of his love is immune. The last line of the poem sums it up with the words, "Then when we no longer live, we may live forever."
In "Letter to Her Husband Absent on Public Works" Bradstreet wrote a letter to her husband who is far from him working in his job. Bradstreet uses various metaphors to describe her husband. The use of the most visible metaphor that Bradstreet uses is to compare her husband to the seasons. When summer is gone, winter soon arrives. Summer can be seen as a time of happiness and warmth. Winter on the other hand can be seen as gloomy and cold. Bradstreet's husband is Sun and when he is with him it is always summer. She is happy and warm from the love her husband brings when she is there. When her husband leaves home to work, everything becomes winter. This is a sad and cold moment for Bradstreet and he hopes to get her husband back soon. "Come back, come back, sweet Sol, from Capricorn." She wants her husband to know that she needs it and without him everything feels bleak. He does not care what other people think. It is not meant for anyone but her husband. Bradstreet knows that the situation is unavoidable, summer can not always exist and soon winter will follow. Her husband's work is very important. He can not always be there and he has to go at times. "Until a sad decision of nature will call you for it." One thing that keeps them alive is that although they are far from each other, they are one with the other.
By reading Bradstreet's works and recognizing the intended audience, one can get an idea of ​​how life is for Puritan women. According to the U.S. History.org Puritan women are asked to attend services, but they can not talk or offer prayers. Women are also not allowed to attend city meetings or engage in decisions being discussed. If Puritan women are to be seen and not heard in public, it can be said that most of their work is not intended for public consumption.
Bradstreet is not responsible for his writing being public. Bradstreet's brother-in-law, John Woodbridge, sent his work for publication. Bradstreet is a pious lady and his poetry is not meant to bring attention to himself. Although Bradstreet's works are famous in the world today, it is still a big risk to have his work published during the time in which he lives. He became a published author who would not be considered a typical role of Puritan women.
Themes
The role of women is a common subject found in Bradstreet poems. Living in a Puritan society, Bradstreet disagrees with the stereotypical notion that women are inferior to men during the 1600s. Women are expected to spend all their time cooking, cleaning, caring for their children, and meeting the needs of each of their husbands. In his poem "In the Honor High and Mighty Princess of Queen Elizabeth of the Happy Memory," Bradstreet questioned this belief.
"Now let's say whether women deserve it or not have them, or are they there, but with our queen not gone? Nay Masculine, you have been for so long burdening us, But he, though dead, will justify our mistake, that our Sex has no Reason, Know slander now, but it used to be a Betrayal. "
Another recurring subject in Bradstreet's work is death. In many of his works, he writes about his death and how it will affect his children and others in his life. The repetition of this death theme can be seen as an autobiography. Because his work is not intended for the public, he refers to his own medical problem and his belief that he will die. In addition to his medical history (smallpox and paralysis partial), Bradstreet and his family are dealing with large house fires that leave them homeless and lose all personal belongings. He hopes his children will think about him with affection and respect his memory in his poem, "Before the Birth of One of His Children." "If there is any value or virtue in me, let it live in your memory."
Bradstreet is also known for using his poetry as a means of questioning his own Puritan beliefs; his doubts about God's compassion and his struggle to continue to place his faith in him are exemplified in poems such as "Verses about the Burning of Our Home" and "In Memory of My Beloved Grandchild". His works show the conflict that many Puritans will not feel comfortable discussing, let alone writing.
In "The Prologue," Bradstreet shows how society underestimates the achievement of women. The popular belief that women should do other things like sewing, rather than writing poetry.
"I am annoying to every caring tongue Who says a needle better suited to my hand, A poet's pen, all scornful, therefore I am wrong, therefore, even if they use the mind of the woman: If what I do proved well, go ahead, They'll say it's stol'n, or it's a coincidence. "
Bradstreet challenged the Puritan belief by announcing his complete madness with her husband, Simon Bradstreet. In Puritan society it is not right to glorify romantic love. In "To My Beloved and Loving Beloved Husband," Bradstreet confessed his eternal love to Simon who said, "My love is like that, I can not repay it, Heaven rewards you, I pray." His deep desire can be found again in "The Letter to Her Husband, Absent on Public Works." His open attention to her husband helps the readers to understand the holiness of Bradstreet. Puritans believe that a strong love like this will only make a person away from God.
Anne Bradstreet wrote in a different format than other writers of his time. This is mainly because he writes his feelings in a book without knowing someone will read it. In his poem "A letter to my husband" he talks about losing her husband when he leaves.
"I love earth this season in the morning black, my sun is lost." Here Anne reveals her husband's loss when she leaves.
"For my good mistakes you know I have let the burial in my unconscious tomb; if there is a virtue in me, let it live a new life in their memory". Anne expressed her feelings that she wanted her children to remember her in a good light, not in a bad light.
Tone
Bradstreet often uses a sarcastic tone in his poetry. In the first verse "The Prologue" he claims "for my cruel pen is overly superior" refers to the belief of society that he is not worthy to write about war and the establishment of the city because he is a woman. In the fifth verse Bradstreet continues to display irony by stating "that says my hand is better suited". This is another example of his sarcastic voice because people have been expecting women to do housework rather than writing poetry.
Though Anne Bradstreet had many difficulties in her life, her poems were usually written in a hopeful and positive tone. Throughout his poem In "Memory of My Dear Grandchild Simon Bradstreet," he mentions that even though he has lost his grandson in this world, he will one day be reunited with him in Heaven. In "After Burning Our House," Bradstreet describes his house in flames but unconditionally states "there is enough wealth, I do not need anymore." Although Bradstreet lost much of his material goods he remained positive and remained strong through God.
Quaternions
Bradstreet wrote four quaternions, 'Seasons', 'Elements', 'Humours', 'Ages' and it was considered they enabled 'his development as a poet in terms of technical expertise when he learned to shape his artistic form'.
The first two quaternions of Bradstreet are his most successful rhetorical contrast. The central tension in his work is the pull found in the quaternions between emotional excitement in many worlds and his intellectual pride. This is a pattern of tension that explains many of Bradstreet's works.
Selected works
References
Tribute to Mrs Bradstreet , John Berryman, Faber and Faber, 1959
Further reading
- Cook, Faith,
, EP Books, Darlington 2010 ISBNÃ, 978-0-85234-714-0 - Gordon, Charlotte,
Mrs Bradstreet: The First Life of America's First Poet , Little, Brown, New York 2005 ISBNÃ, 0-316-16904-8 - Engberg, Kathrynn Seidler, Right to Write: Literary Politics Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley. University of Press of America, Washington D.C., 2009. ISBNÃ, 978-0761846093
- Nichol, Heidi, Anne Bradstreet, Guided Tour of Puritan Poet's Life and Thought, P & amp; R Publishing, New Jersey 2006
External links
- Works by or about Anne Bradstreet in the Internet Archive
- Works by Anne Bradstreet on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
- Selected work from Anne Bradstreet hypertext from American Studies at the University of Virginia.
- Some Poems Compiled with Wit and Lessons by Anne Dudley Bradstreet, Boston: Printed by John Foster, 1678, at A Celebration of Women Writers
- Complete Text Link from William Dean Howell Society
- Genealogical Record
- Audio: Robert Pinsky reads "To My Dear and Loving Husband" by Anne Bradstreet (via poemsoutloud.net)
- Audio: Charlotte Gordon discusses Anne Bradstreet's life.
- Anne Bradstreet quartion example
- A site celebrating the 400th anniversary of the birth of Anne Bradstreet
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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