Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the Queen of the British Empire and other Commonwealth realms.
Elizabeth was born in London as the first son of Duke and Duchess of York, then King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she was educated personally at home. His father consented to the throne on the kidnapping of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which he was the heir of the alleged. He started doing public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Bantu Area Service. In 1947, he married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former Greek and Danish prince, with whom he had four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex.
When his father died in February 1952, he became Head of the Commonwealth and queen of seven independent commonwealth states: England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. He has ruled through major constitutional changes, such as devolution in Britain, Canadian patriage, and decolonization of Africa. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of territories varied as the region gained independence and nature, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), into a republic. Her historic visits and meetings include state visits to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. Key events include his coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of Yubile Silver, Golden, and Diamond respectively in 1977, 2002, and 2012. In 2017, he became the first British king to reach Jubilee Sapphire. He is the longest-lived and longest-serving British monarch as well as the head of the world's longest queen and powerful state, the oldest and longest-living monarch today and the longest-serving head of state.
Elizabeth sometimes faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family, especially after the marriage of her children, annus horribilis in 1992, and the death of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales. However, support for the monarchy remains high, as does his personal popularity.
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Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Duke of York (then King George VI), was the second son of the King. His mother, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish nobleman Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He was sent by cesarean section at his grandfather's London home: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. He was baptized by the Anglican Archbishop of New York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on May 29, and named Elizabeth after his mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who died six months earlier, and Mary after his grandmother's father. Called "Lilibet" by his immediate family, based on what he calls himself initially, he is rewarded by his grandfather George V, and during a serious illness in 1929 his regular visits are credited in the popular press and by later biographers by raising him. spirit and help his recovery.
Elizabeth's only brother, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. Both princesses were educated at home under the care of their mother and their caregiver, Marion Crawford. Lessons are concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford publishes a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood titled Maps Elizabeth II
Alleged expert
During the reign of his grandfather, Elizabeth was third in the succession of the throne, behind his uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and his father, Duke of York. Although his birth aroused public interest, he was not expected to be queen, because Prince Wales was young. Many people believe he will marry and have his own children. When his grandfather died in 1936 and his uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, he became the second man to occupy the throne, after his father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage for socialite divorce Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. As a result, Elizabeth's father became king, and he became the heir apparent. If his parents have a son then, he will lose his position as first, because his brother will be the heir and above him in the line of succession.
Elizabeth received a private lesson in the constitutional history of Henry Marten, Deputy Provost Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native caregivers. A Girl Guiding Company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was specially shaped so she could socialize with girls her age. Later, she was listed as a Sea Ranger.
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured both Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when her parents toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in England, because her father thought she was too young for a public tour. Elizabeth "seemed to cry" when her parents left. They send letters regularly, and he and his parents make the first royal transatlantic phone call on May 18th.
Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many London children were evacuated to avoid frequent air bombings. The proposal by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two daughters had to be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children will not go without me, I will not go without King and the King will never leave." Elizabeth's daughters and Margaret lived in Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they stayed at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. In Windsor, the princesses pantomime at Christmas with the help of Dana Wol Ratu, who bought the yarn to knit military clothes. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during BBC's Children's Hour, speaking to other children who had been evacuated from the cities. He stated: "We try to do all we can to help our mighty sailors, soldiers and aviators, and we try also, to bear our share of the dangers and sadness of war.We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be alright. "
In 1943, Elizabeth made her first solo appearance on a visit to Garda Grenadier, where she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As he approached his 18th birthday, the parliament changed the law so that he could act as one of the five State Counselors in terms of his father's inability or absence overseas, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, he was appointed as a respectable second subaltern at the Auxiliary Territorial Service with service number 230873. He was trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander five months later.
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory Day in Europe, Princess Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the crowds of celebrations in the streets of London. Elizabeth then said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could get out and see for ourselves... I remember we were afraid of being recognized... I remember the lines of strangers connecting arms and walking in Whitehall, we all merely swept away by a wave of happiness and relief. "
During the war, plans were made to extinguish Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth closer to Wales. Proposals, such as pointing to his Constable of Caernarfon Castle or the guardian of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh Youth League), were abandoned for several reasons, including the fear of associating Elizabeth with a denial of conscience in Urdd at the time of the British war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be the Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Minister Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected him because he felt that the title was merely the wife of the Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been his heir. In 1946, he was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Princess Elizabeth left in 1947 in her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in broadcast to the British Commonwealth on his 21st birthday, he made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether long or short, should be devoted to your services and services from the great imperial family we are ours. "
Wedding
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937. They were second cousins ​​after being moved through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousin through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth - although only 13 years old - said she was in love with Philip, and they started exchanging letters. He was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on July 9, 1947.
The engagement was not without controversy; Philip has no finances, was born overseas (though a British citizen who had served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War), and had a sister who married German nobles with Nazi relations. Marion Crawford writes, "Some of the King's counselors did not think him good enough, he was a houseless prince or kingdom, some newspapers played long, hard songs on Philippine's overseas strings." Later biographies reported Elizabeth's mother initially opposed to unity, dub Philip "The Hun". However, later, the Queen Mother told Tim Heald biographer that Philip was "Englishman".
Before marriage, Philip abandoned Greek and Danish titles, formally converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten's style, taking his mother's family name in England. Just before the wedding, he was created by the Duke of Edinburgh and given the style of Your Highness .
Elizabeth and Philip married on November 20, 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world. Since Britain had not fully recovered from the war, Elizabeth needed a racial coupon to buy materials for her dress, designed by Norman Hartnell. In postwar Britain, it is unacceptable for the German Duke of Edinburgh, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to a wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was also not invited.
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on November 14, 1948. A month earlier, the King had issued a patent letter allowing her children to use the style and title of princes or princes, which they would not have titled as their father was no longer a royal prince. The second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.
After their marriage, the couple rented Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949, when they lived at Clarence House in London. On various occasions between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was placed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a Royal Navy clerk serving. She and Elizabeth live intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardaman? A, at Villa Guardamangia, rented house of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Children stay in England.
Reign
Accession and coronation
During 1951, George VI's health declined, and Elizabeth often supported him at public events. When he toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, his personal secretary, Martin Charteris, brought a draft declaration of accession if the King died while he was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand via Kenya. On February 6, 1952, they had just returned to their home in Kenya, Sagana Lodge, after spending the night at the Treetops Hotel, when there was news of the King's death and consequently Elizabeth's direct access to the throne. Philip delivered the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked him to choose the name of the government; he chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". He proclaimed the queen all over his territory and the royal party rushed back to England. He and the Duke of Edinburgh moved to Buckingham Palace.
With Elizabeth's involvement, it seems that the royal house will bear the name of her husband, being House of Mountbatten , according to the custom of a wife who takes her husband's last name to marriage. The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary supported the House of Windsor retention, and on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth declared that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Duke complains, "I'm the only man in this country who is not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and Churchill's resignation in 1955, the family name of Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for the lineage of line-men Philip and Elizabeth who did not have a royal title.
Amid preparations for coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wanted to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcee, 16-year-old senior Margaret, with two sons from a previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "The Queen is naturally sympathetic to Princess, but I think she thinks - she hopes - given time, the affair will be lost." Senior politicians are against the game and the Church of England does not allow remarriage after divorce. If Margaret contracts civil marriage, she will be expected to renounce her right to succession. Finally, he decides to cancel his plan with Townsend. In 1960, he married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; he does not marry again.
Despite the death of Queen Mary on March 24, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went as planned, just as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony at Westminster Abbey, with the exception of anointing and communion, was broadcast for the first time. Elizabeth's coronation dress embroidered her instructions with floral emblems from Commonwealth countries: the British Tudor rose; Scistle thistle; Welsh onion leaves; Shamrock Ireland; Australian Pial; Canadian maple leaves; New Zealand silver fern; South African Protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistani wheat, cotton, and hemp.
Continuing the evolution of the Commonwealth
From the birth of Elizabeth and beyond, the British Empire continues its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. At the time of accession in 1952, his role as head of several independent states was fixed. In 1953, Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering over 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. He became the first king to rule in Australia and New Zealand to visit those countries. During the tour, the crowds were overwhelming; three quarters of Australia's population is estimated to have seen it. Throughout his reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours to the Commonwealth; he is the most traveled head of state.
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the EU's predecessor. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed that the Queen opposed the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party to elect a leader means that, after Eden's resignation, he falls to the Queen to decide who will be assigned to form a government. Eden recommends that she consult with Lord Salisbury, Lord of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and Chairman of the 1922 Committee, which led to Queen appointed the recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successors led in 1957 became the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owns and edits, Lord Altrincham accuses him of being "unrelated". Altrincham was criticized by public figures and slapped by a member of the public who was shocked by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, a suggestion he followed. The Queen was again criticized for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a number of ministers or single ministers. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism to elect a leader, thus freeing him from engagement.
In 1957, he made a state visit to the United States, where he spoke to the UN General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, he opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming Canada's first king to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, just in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she visited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, he toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. During a visit to Ghana that same year, he dismissed concerns about his safety, although his host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had succeeded him as head of state, was the target of assassins. Harold Macmillan writes, "The Queen has completely determined all through... She is impatient of her attitude towards her to treat her as a... movie star... She is indeed 'heart and stomach of man'... She loves her duty and means being a Queen. "Prior to his tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists in the Quebec separatist movement were plotting to assassinate Elizabeth. No attempt was made, but riot broke out while he was in Montreal; "Queen's composure and courage in the face of violence" is recorded.
Elizabeth's pregnancy with Prince Andrew and Edward, in 1959 and 1963, marked the only time she had not made the British Parliament's Opening during her reign. In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, he also implements new practices. His first royal walk, meeting regular members of society, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.
Decolonization acceleration
The 1960s and 1970s saw acceleration in the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, Rhodes Prime Minister Ian Smith, in opposition to a move toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from England while still declaring "loyalty and loyalty" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed her in official declarations, and the international community imposed sanctions on Rhodesia, her regime persisted for more than a decade. As Britain's relationship with its empire weakened, the British government sought access to the European Community, a goal achieved in 1973.
In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to hold an election amid her journey in the Pacific Rim of Austronesian, which required her to fly back to England. Elections produce a hanging parliament; Conservative Party Heath is not the biggest party, but can stay in power if they form a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions about the formation of a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Opposition Leader, Harold Wilson, to form a government.
A year later, at the height of Australia's constitutional crisis of 1975, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was dismissed from office by Governor-General Sir John Kerr after the opposition-ruled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposal. Because Whitlam has a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes calls on the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. He refused, saying he would not interfere in the decisions provided by the Australian Constitution for the governor-general. This crisis triggered Australian republicanism.
Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee her accession. Feasts and events take place throughout the Commonwealth, many of which coincide with national and Commonwealth related tours. The celebration re-affirms the popularity of the Queen, though by chance there is a negative press coverage about the separation of Princess Margaret from her husband. In 1978, the Queen had a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceau? Escu, and his wife, Elena, although personally she thought they had "blood in their hands". The following year brought two blows: the first was Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other is the murder of his brother and father-in-law, Lord Mountbatten, by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
According to Paul Martin, Sr., in the late 1970s, the Queen worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada. Tony Benn said the Queen found Trudeau "a bit disappointing". Trudeau suspected of republicanism seems to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding under the stairs at Buckingham Palace and spinning behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his tenure. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the constitutional pat- ternation of Canada found that the Queen "got better information... than any British politician or bureaucrat". He was very interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would affect his role as head of state. Patriation removes the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy is maintained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen liked his efforts to reform the Constitution and that he was impressed by the "grace he presented in public" and "the wisdom he showed personally".
1980s
During the 1981 Trooping the Color ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were released towards the Queen from close range as she rode The Mall on her horse, Burma. Police later found the shot was empty. The 17-year-old striker, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three years. Queen's composure and skills in controlling his mount are widely praised.
Months later, in October, the Queen became the target of another attack while visiting Dunedin, New Zealand. The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Security document that was declassified in 2018 reveals that 17-year-old Christopher John Lewis fired a shot with a 0.22 shotgun from the fifth floor of a building facing the parade, but failed. Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and was sentenced to three years in prison for possession of the unlawful and arms disposal. Two years into his sentence, he attempts to escape from the asylum to murder Prince Charles, who visits the country with Diana, Princess of Wales, and Prince William.
From April to September 1982, the Queen was anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who served with British troops during the Falklands War. On July 9, Queen Seon Deok woke up in her room at Buckingham Palace to look for an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In serious security, help only comes after two calls to the Police Palace switchboard. After entertaining US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his ranch in California in 1983, the Queen was furious when his government ordered the Grenada invasion, one of Caribbean realms, without telling him.
The intense media interest in the opinions and personal life of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the media, not entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun , told his staff: "Give me a Sunday to Monday flush in the Royals.Don't worry if it is not true - as long as there is not too much noise about it afterwards." Donald Trelford's paper writes in The Observer September 21, 1986: "The soap operas have now reached such a level of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has gone from... not just that some papers do not check "It is reported, especially on The Sunday Times July 20, 1986, that the Queen is concerned that Margaret Thatcher's economic policy fosters social divide and is feared by unemployment a series of riots, violent strikes of miners, and Thatcher's refusal to impose sanctions on the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumor include the royal aide of Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claims his remarks were taken out of context and decorated with speculation. Thatcher supposedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party - Thatcher's political opponent. Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claims "the report is part of journalistic crime". Citing reports of bitterness between them, Thatcher later conveyed his personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two awards in his personal prize - membership in the Order of Merit and Order of the Garter - to Thatcher after his successor as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney says Elizabeth is a "backstage force" in ending apartheid.
In the late 1980s, the Queen had been the target of satire. Involvement of younger royal family members in charity games. This is the Royal Knockout in 1987 ridiculed. In Canada, Elizabeth openly supports a politically divisive constitutional amendment, sparking criticism from opposition to proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. In the same year, the Fijian government was elected ousted in a military coup. As king of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the efforts of the Governor-General, Queen Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert the executive power and negotiate the settlement. The coup leader, Sitiveni Rabuka, toppled Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.
1990s
In 1991, after the coalition's victory in the Gulf War, the Queen became the first British king to discuss a joint meeting of the United States Congress.
In his address on November 24, 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of his access, Elizabeth referred to 1992 as annus horribilis, meaning a terrible year . The feeling of the Republic in Britain has increased because of the press estimates of the Queen's personal wealth - as opposed to the Palace - and reports of tense affairs and marriages among her extended family. In March, his second son, Prince Andrew, and his wife, Sarah, split up; in April, his daughter, Princess Anne, divorced with Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at him; and, in November, a major fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of his official residence. The monarchy is under increasing criticism and public scrutiny. In a remarkable personal speech, Queen said that every institution should expect criticism, but suggests it be done with "a touch of humor, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced the planned monetary reforms of the previous year, including the income tax paid by the Queen from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, were officially separated. This year ended in a lawsuit because the Queen newspaper sued The Sun for copyright infringement when it published the text of its annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay his legal fees and donated Ã, Â £ 200,000 to charity.
In subsequent years, public revelations about Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Although support for republicanism in Britain appears to be higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism is still a minority point of view, and the Queen itself has a high approval rating. Criticism focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's family wider than its own behavior and actions. In consultation with her husband and Prime Minister, John Major, as well as Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and his personal secretary, Robert Fellowes, he wrote to Charles and Diana in late December 1995, saying divorce is desirable..
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen is on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Two sons of Diana by Charles - Prince William and Harry - wanted to attend church so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After the single public appearance, for five days the Queen and Duke protect their grandchildren from intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they can grieve in private, but the royal family's exile and failure to raise a half-masted flag over Buckingham Palace caused public anxiety. Distressed by a hostile reaction, Queen agreed to return to London and make live television on September 5, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, he expressed his admiration for Diana and her feelings "as grandmother" to the two princes. As a result, many public feuds have evaporated.
In November 1997, the Queen and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary. He speaks and praises Philip for his role as queen, referring to him as "my strength and my stay".
2000s
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Party. His sister and mother died in February and March, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would succeed or fail. He went on an extensive tour of his nature, which began in Jamaica in February, where he called the "memorable" farewell party after a power outage broke into the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into the darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and memorial events, and monuments were named in honor of the event. One million people attend every day of the three-day major Jubilee celebrations in London, and the public's enthusiasm for the Queen is greater than many journalists predict.
Although generally healthy throughout his life, in 2003 he underwent keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, he missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium due to his tense back muscles that have plagued him since the summer.
In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph quoted anonymous sources, reporting that the Queen was "annoyed and frustrated" by British Prime Minister Tony Blair's policy that she feared the British Armed Forces were overwhelmed. in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that he has voiced concern over rural and rural issues with Blair. He, however, is said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. He became the first British king to celebrate the diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007. On March 20, 2008, at St Patrick's Cathedral of Ireland Church, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.
2010s
The Queen spoke to the United Nations for the second time in 2010, once again in her capacity as Queen of all the Commonwealth and Commonwealth Heads. The UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced him as an "anchor for our day". During his visit to New York, which follows a Canadian tour, he officially opened a memorial park for British victims of the September 11 attacks. Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 - sixteenth visit since 1954 - called "parting tour" in the media because of her age. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made her first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by an English king in May 2011.
Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marks 60 years on the throne, and celebrations are held throughout its territory, the wider Commonwealth, and so on. In a message released on Accession Day, Elizabeth wrote:
In this special year, when I dedicate myself to your ministry, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the strength of family, friendship and good relatives... I hope also that this jubilee year will be a time to be grateful for the progress great that has been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with a clear head and warm heart.
She and her husband toured extensively to the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on a royal tour of other Commonwealth countries on her behalf. On June 4th, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. In November, the Queen and her husband celebrate their sapphire wedding anniversary. On December 18, he became the first British emperor to attend a meeting of the peace cabinet since George III in 1781.
The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympics in two different countries. For the London Olympics, he played in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On April 4, 2013, he received honorary BAFTA for his support of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl" at the awards ceremony.
On March 3, 2013, Elizabeth was admitted to King Edward VII Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis. He returned to Buckingham Palace the next day. A week later, he signed a new Commonwealth charter. Due to his age and his need to limit travel, in 2013 he chose not to attend the Commonwealth's annual biennial government meeting for the first time in 40 years. He was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by his son, Prince Charles. She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.
The Queen surpassed her great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become Britain's longest living king on December 21, 2007, and the longest ruling monarch in Britain and the longest queen king and female head of state in the world on September 9. 2015. It is also "the longest ruler in the modern era of Canada". (King Louis XIV of France ruled over Canada (New France) longer than Elizabeth.) He became the oldest king today after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on January 23, 2015. He later became the longest and longest-serving ruler of the head of state is currently following the death of King Bhumibol Thailand on October 13, 2016, and the current eldest head of state at the resignation of Robert Mugabe on 21 November 2017. On 6 February 2017, he became the first British king to commemorate Sapphire Jubilee, and on November 20, the first English king to celebrate platinum wedding anniversary. Prince Philip has retired from his official duty as Queen's queen in August.
The Queen does not intend to abdicate, although Prince Charles is expected to take on more of his duties as Elizabeth, who celebrates 92nd birthday in 2018, has made fewer public engagements. On April 20, 2018, the government leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations announced that he would be replaced by Prince Charles as head of the Commonwealth. The Queen declares it is "her sincere wish" that the Prince of Wales will follow her in that role. His death and funeral plans have been widely prepared by most British governments and media organizations for decades.
Public perception and character
Since Elizabeth seldom gives interviews, little is known about her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, he has not expressed his own political opinion in public forums. He really has a high sense of religion and citizenship, and takes his coronation vow seriously. In addition to his official religious role as the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, he is personally a member of that church as well as the National Church of Scotland. He has shown support for interfaith relations and has met with leaders of churches and other religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about his faith is often featured in his annual Christmas message to the Commonwealth. In 2000, he spoke of the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2,000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:
For many of us, our beliefs are very important. To me the doctrine of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provides the framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like most of you, have attracted great consolation in the difficult times of Christ's words and example.
He is the patron of over 600 organizations and charities. His main recreational interests include horse riding and dogs, especially Pembroke Welsh Corgis. His love for corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by his family. Casual and informal home life scenes are sometimes witnessed; he and his family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and wash afterwards.
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the beginning of his reign, Elizabeth was described as a glamorous "queen of the fairy tale". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a period of hope, a period of progress and achievement touting "Elizabeth's new age". The accusation of Lord Altrincham in 1957 that his speeches sounded like "a poor school girl" is a very rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of monarchy were made in the Royal Family documentary film and by broadcasting the coronation of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales. In public, he wore mostly a solid color coat and a decorative hat, which allowed him to look easily in the middle of the crowd.
In the year of the Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowd and celebrations were really enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as Elizabethan children's private life and workers were under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity slumped to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, he began paying income taxes for the first time, and Buckingham Palace opened to the public. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy culminated in the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, despite Elizabeth's popularity and personal support for the monarchy recovering after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia about the future of the Australian monarchy prioritized retention rather than indirectly elected head of state. The UK polls in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth, and in 2012, her Diamond Jubilee year, approval ratings reached 90 percent. The referendum in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 rejected the proposal to become a republic.
Elizabeth has been described in various media by many famous artists, including painter Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett, and Tai-Shan Schierenberg. Elizabeth's famous photographers include Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell, and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.
Financial
Elizabeth's personal wealth has been a gamble for years. In 1971 Jock Colville, his former private secretary and a director of his bank, Coutts, estimated his fortune of 2 million pounds (equivalent to about £ 26 million in 2016). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called the Ã,  £ 100 million estimate of "overestimated". In 2002, he inherited a plantation worth about £ 70 million from his mother. The Sunday Times Rich List 2017 estimates his personal fortune of  £ 360 million, making him the 329th richest person in Britain.
The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic artworks and Crown Jewels, is not privately owned but is held in confidence, as is its official residence, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, as well as Duchy Lancaster, a property portfolio worth Ã, Â £ 472 million in 2015. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate - with ownership of Ã, Â £ 12 billion by 2016 - is held in trust and can not be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a personal capacity.
Title, style, honor, and arm
Title and style
- April 21, 1926 - December 11, 1936: The Honorable Princess Elizabeth of York
- December 11, 1936 - November 20, 1947: His Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth
- November 20, 1947 - February 6, 1952: The Honorable Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh
- Since February 6, 1952: The Royal Highness
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own country, and has received awards and awards from around the world. In each region he has a different title following the same formula: Queen of Jamaica and its nature and other territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and its nature and other territories > in Australia, etc. On the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, which is a Crown dependency rather than a separate nature, he is known as the Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include the Defense of the Faith and the Duke of Lancaster. When speaking with the Queen, the practice is initially calling her Your Excellency and then as Mistress .
Weapon
From April 21, 1944 to its access, Elizabeth's arms consisted of candies carrying the United Kingdom's royal symbols distinguished by the three-point argent label, the central point carrying the Tudor up and the first and third crosses of St. George. After his accession, he inherited the various arms held by his father as ruler. The Queen also has a royal standard and personal flag for use in the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.
Problem
Ancestor
See also
- Elizabeth II Household
- List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
Note
References
Bibliography
External links
- Queen's Website in the Royal Family
- Elizabeth II at EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- Queen Elizabeth II's Profile on the BBC
- "Archiving material related to Elizabeth II". National Archives of England.
- Portrait Gallery of Queen Elizabeth II at London's National Portrait Gallery
- Queen Elizabeth II at IMDb
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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