Christian IX (April 8, 1818 - January 29, 1906) was the King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906. From 1863 to 1864 he was Adipati Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.
Growing up as the prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlÃÆ'¼cksburg, the junior branch of the House of Oldenburg that had ruled Denmark since 1448, Christianity was not originally at the forefront of the succession of the Danish throne. However, in 1852, Christian was chosen as the heir to the Danish monarchy given the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. After the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, the Christians approved the throne as the first Danish king of the House of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg.
His early reign was marked by the defeat of Denmark in the Second Schleswig War and the loss of the duchy of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg which made the king very unpopular. The following years his rule was dominated by political disputes because Denmark only became a constitutional monarchy in 1849 and the balance of power between sovereignty and parliament was disputed. Despite the initial unpopularity and years of political strife, in which the king was in conflict with most of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign. and the high standard of personal morality with which he is identified.
Christian married his second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. Their six children married other royal families throughout Europe, earning him the sobriquet "European father-in-law". Margrethe II of Denmark, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Philippe of Belgium, Harald V of Norway, Felipe VI of Spain, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, Constantine II of Greece, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofia of Spain, and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, was among his descendants.
Video Christian IX of Denmark
Birth and family
Christian was born on April 8, 1818 at Gottorf Castle near the town of Schleswig in the Duchy of Schleswig as Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, the fourth son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel. He was named after the Christian Prince of Denmark, the later Christian King VIII, who was also his godfather.
The Christian father was the head of the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, the junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg. Through his father, Christian is thus a direct male ancestor of the Christian King III of Denmark and a great descendant of Helvig of Schauenburg (countess of Oldenburg), the mother of King Christian I of Denmark, who is the "Semi" -Sial " Adolf of Schauenburg, duke Schauenburg Schleswig and Count Holstein, so Christian qualifies for success in the Schleswig-Holstein twin duchies, but not in the first row.
The Christian mother was the daughter of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, a Danish Field Marshal and the Royal Governor of the duke of Schleswig and Holstein, and his wife, Princess Louise of Denmark, daughter of Frederick V of Denmark. Through his mother Christian is the grandson of Frederick V, the great-grandson of George II of Great Britain and the descendant of several other kings, but has no direct claim to the European throne. Early life
Initially, Christian lived with his parents and many siblings at Gottorf Castle, where the family lived with Duke's parents-in-law Friedrich Wilhelm. However, on June 6, 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed the Duke of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg by his brother-in-law Frederick VI of Denmark, as the GlÃÆ'¼cksburg lineage was extinct in 1779. He then changed his title to Duke Schleswig-Holstein- Sonderburg-GlÃÆ'¼cksburg and established the GlÃÆ'¼cksburg line younger. Furthermore, the family moved to GlÃÆ'¼cksburg Castle, where Christians grew up with their brothers under the supervision of their father. After the father's early death in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated at the Copenhagen Military Academy.
Maps Christian IX of Denmark
Wedding
As a young man, Christian did not manage to find the hands of his third cousin, Queen Victoria, in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on May 26, 1842, he married his cousin Louise from Hesse-Kassel, nephew of Christian VIII.
Hey-presumptive to the throne
In 1852, with the approval of the great powers of Europe, Christianity was elected by King Frederick VII to be the heir apparent after the most senior line extension to the Danish throne, as Frederick VII seems incapable of fathering children. A justification for this choice is his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who - as the nephew of Christian VIII of Denmark - is closely tied to the royal family.
How Christians become the heirs of the alleged
Frederick VII's impartiality has brought a thorny dilemma and the problem of succession to the Danish throne proves problematic. Danish adherence to the Law of Salism and growing nationalism in the German-speaking section of Schleswig-Holstein precluded all hope of a peaceful solution. The proposed resolution to keep both Duchies together and parts of Denmark proved unsatisfactory for the benefit of Denmark and Germany. While Denmark has adopted the Salic Law, it affects only the Frederick III offspring of Denmark, who was the first hereditary king of Denmark (before him, the empire was officially elective). The Agnatic offspring of Frederick III would end with the death of the infinite King Frederick VII and his childless uncle, Prince Ferdinand. At that time, the law of succession propagated by Frederick III was provided for the Semi-Salic succession. Nevertheless, there are several ways to interpret to whom the crown may pass, because the provision is not entirely clear as to whether a claimant can be the nearest sister or not.
As Europeans looked, many of Helvig's descendants from Schauenburg began competing for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belongs to a senior branch of Helvig descent. In 1863, Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1829-1880) (the future father-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany), proclaimed himself Frederick VIII of Schleswig-Holstein. Frederick of Augustenburg became a symbol of the German nationalist movement of independence at Schleswig-Holstein after his father (in exchange for money) abandoned his claim as the first in line to inherit the twin ducks of Schleswig and Holstein. Following the London protocol of May 8, 1852, which ended the First War of Schleswig, and gave the rejection of his father, Frederick was deemed ineligible to inherit.
Frederick VII's closest relative is a paternal aunt, Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, who married a cadet branch cadet from the House of Hesse, and her daughters. However, they are not agnatic descendants of royal families, thus qualifying for success in Schleswig-Holstein.
The crowned heiress most qualified under the original law of Frederick III's privilege was Caroline of Denmark (1793-1881), the eldest daughter of the late king Frederick VI. Together with other childless daughters, Wilhelmine of Denmark (1808-1891), Duchess of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg; the next heir is Louise, sister of Frederick VI, who married Duke of Augustenburg. The heir of the head of the line is Frederick from Augustenburg, but his turn will come only after the death of two very daughterless daughters who lived in 1863.
House of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg also has a significant interest in the succession of the throne. The more junior branch of the royal clan, they are also descendants of Frederick III through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Finally, there are still more junior agnatics branches eligible to succeed at Schleswig-Holstein. There was a Christian himself and his three brothers, the eldest, Karl, had no children, but others had produced children, and boys at the time.
The Christian prince has become a "grandchild" of the royal couple "grandchild" Frederick VI and his queen, Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal castle and the tradition of the rulers recently, their young Prince of Christianity is the great nephew of Queen Marie and her descendants from Frederick VI's first cousin. He was raised as a Danish, having lived in Danish-speaking countries from the royal dynasty and did not become a German nationalist, who made him a relatively good candidate from Denmark's point of view. As an agnatic young descendant, he qualified to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but not the first in the line. As a descendant of Frederick III, he qualified for success in Denmark, although here too, he was not the first in the line.
In 1842, Christian married Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, daughter of a close female relative of Frederick VII. Louise's mother and brother, and sister, too, waived their rights for Louise and her husband. The Christian Prince's wife is now the heir of the closest female Frederick VII.
In 1852, the question of thorns about the Danish succession was resolved by the London Protocol of May 8, 1852, in which Christianity was chosen as the frontline for the throne after Frederick VII and his uncle. The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of the Succession of July 31, 1853 - more precisely, the Royal Ordinance completed the Succession to the Crown Prince of Christ of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg - appointing him as the heir to all Danish Monarchies following the extinction of Frederick III's male line and gave him the title of the Danish Prince.
Succession and Second Schleswig War
After the death of Frederick VII on November 15, 1863, Christian managed to ascend the throne as Christian IX. Denmark soon fell into crisis over ownership and status of Schleswig and Holstein, two provinces to southern Denmark. In November 1863, Frederick of Augustenburg claimed twin dukes in a row after King Frederick. Under pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, an agreement that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The Peace Conference disbanded without reaching any conclusion; the outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the merger of Schleswig to Prussia in 1865. Holstein was also incorporated into Austria in 1865, then Prussia in 1866, following a further conflict between Austria and Prussia.
After the defeat, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact Prussians, offering that all Denmark can join the German confederation, if Denmark can remain united with Schleswig and Holstein. This proposal was rejected by Bismarck, who feared that ethnic disputes at Schleswig between Denmark and Germany would remain unresolved. The Christian Negotiation IX was not publicly known until it was published in the 2010 book Dommedag Als by Tom Buk-Swientys, who had been given access to the Royal Archive by Queen Margrethe II.
Reign
The defeat of 1864 made a shadow over the power of Christianity IX over the years and his attitude toward the Danish case - perhaps without reason - is claimed to be half hearted. This unpopularity grew worse as he tried unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of democracy across Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative Estrup prime minister, whose government was 1875-94 by many people seen as a semi-dictatorship. However, he signed an agreement in 1874 that allowed Iceland, which was then controlled by Denmark, has its own constitution, though one that still has a Danish ruler over Iceland. In 1901, he reluctantly requested Johan Henrik Deuntzer to form a government and this resulted in the formation of the Deuntzer Cabinet. The Cabinet consists of members of the Venstre Reform Party and is the first Danish government to exclude the conservative HÃÆ'¸jre party, although HÃÆ'¸jre never had a majority of seats in Folketing. This was the beginning of the Danish parliamentary tradition and clearly improved its reputation for its final years.
Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that the Danish upper house would have more power than the lower. Social security also took several steps forward during his reign. An old age pension was introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892.
Death
Queen Louise died on 29 September 1898 at the Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen. Christian himself died peacefully in his old age at 87 at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen after a period of 42 years and 75 days. After lying in the chapel at Christiansborg Palace, he was buried next to Queen Louise in the Christian Chapel IX at Roskilde Cathedral, the traditional burial site for Danish kings since the 15th century.
Crown Prince Frederick replaced Christian IX and ascended the Danish throne as King Frederick VIII on 29 January 1906.
Legacy
"European Parent's father"
The Christian family connected with the European royal family earned him the nickname "European father-in-law". Four Christian children sit on the throne (either as king or queen) from Denmark, England, Russia and Greece.
Her daughter Thyra could become Queen Hanover having her husband, Prince Ernest Augustus, not abrogated Hanover's throne after her annexation by Prussia in 1866. Her youngest son, Valdemar, was offered the crown of Bulgaria, but had to refuse under international pressure.
The extraordinary success of the dynasty of the six children was largely not caused by Christianity alone, but the result of his wife's ambitions, Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Some people compare their dynamic abilities to those of Queen Victoria of England. An additional factor is that Denmark is not one of the Great Powers, so that other powers are not afraid that the balance of power in Europe will be disrupted by the marriage of one of its nobles to another royal house.
The Christian grandchildren include Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of England, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway.
Today, most of the ruling royalty and former royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX, and most of today's European monarchs are descendants, including Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V from Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, and former queen of the Queen SofÃÆ'a of Spain were also the great descendants of Christian IX, like Constantine II, former and last King of Hellenes, and queen of former Queen Anne-Marie. King Michael I of Romania and his wife, Queen Anne of Romania, are also descendants of Christian IX.
Problem
Ancestor
Title, style, honor and arm
Title and style
- April 8, 1818 - June 6, 1825 : Venerable Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
- June 6, 1825 - July 31, 1853 : Venerable The Christian Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlÃÆ'¼cksburg
- July 31, 1853 - December 21, 1858 : Venerable Prince Christian of Denmark
- December 21, 1858 - November 15, 1863 : The Honorable Christian Prince of Denmark
- November 15, 1863 - January 29, 1906 : Your Highness The King of Denmark
The full official title is Christian IX, By the Grace of God, King of Denmark, from Wends and of the Goths; Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsh, Lauenburg and Oldenburg .
Awards
King Christian IX Land in Greenland is named after him.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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